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• W2117965364 abstract "Abstract: Exotic species have frequently caused declines of native fauna and may contribute to some cases of amphibian decline. Introductions of mosquitofish ( Gambusia affinis) and bullfrogs ( Rana catesbeiana) are suspected to have caused the decline of California red-legged frogs ( Rana aurora draytonii). We tested the effects of mosquitofish and bullfrog tadpoles on red-legged frog tadpoles in spatially complex, speciose communities. We added 720 hatchling red-legged frog tadpoles to each of 12 earthen ponds. Three ponds were controls, 3 were stocked with 50 bullfrog tadpoles, 3 with 8 adult mosquitofish, and 3 with 50 bullfrogs plus 8 mosquitofish. We performed tests in aquaria to determine whether red-legged frog tadpoles are preferred prey of mosquitofish. Mosquitofish fed on a mixture of equal numbers of tadpoles and either mosquitoes, Daphnia, or corixids until < 50% of prey were eaten; then we calculated whether there was disproportionate predation on tadpoles. We also recorded the activity of tadpoles in the presence and absence of mosquitofish to test whether mosquitofish interfere with tadpole foraging. Survival of red-legged frogs in the presence of bullfrog tadpoles was less than 5%; survival was 34% in control ponds. Mosquitofish did not affect red-legged frog survival, even though fish became abundant (approximately 1011 per pond). Two mechanisms may have blocked the effects of mosquitofish on tadpole survival: (1) fish ponds contained fewer predatory invertebrates, and (2) mosquitofish preferred other prey to red-legged frogs in laboratory trials. Red-legged frog tadpoles suffered more injuries in ponds with fish, however, and weighed 34% less at metamorphosis. The growth decrease could have been caused by injuries or by lower foraging levels in the presence of fish. Laboratory results showed that young tadpoles were less active in the presence of mosquitofish. Although both mosquitofish and bullfrogs affected red-legged frogs, the impact of bullfrogs on the survival of red-legged frogs may contribute more strongly to their decline. Resumen: Especies exóticas han ocasionado frecuentemente disminuciones de fauna nativa y pueden contribuir en algunos casos a la disminución de anfibios. Introducciones del pez mosquito ( Gambusia affinis) y rana toro ( Rana catesbeiana) son consideradas como la causa del declive de la rana patiroja de California ( Rana aurora draytonii). Evaluamos los efectos del pez mosquito y renacuajos de rana toro en renacuajos de rana patiroja en comunidades espacialmente complejas. Agregamos 720 renacuajos recién eclosionados a cada uno de los 12 estanques de tierra. Tres de los estanques eran controles, tres fueron sembrados con 50 renacuajos de rana toro, tres con 8 adultos de pez mosquito y 3 con 50 renacuajos de rana toro mas ocho peces mosquito. Realizamos pruebas en acuarios para checar si los renacuajos de patiroja eran la presa preferida del pez mosquito. Los peces mosquito se alimentaron de una mezcla de igual número de renacuajos y tanto mosquitos, Daphnias, o coríxidos, evaluamos si hubo una depredación desproporcionada de renacuajos una vez que alrededor del 50% de las presas fué comido. También observamos la actividad de los renacuajos en presencia y ausencia de peces mosquito para determinar si los peces interferían con el forrajeo de los renacuajos. La supervivencia de ranas patiroja en presencia de renacuajos de rana toro fue reducida en un 5%; la supervivencia en los estanques control fué de un 34%. El pez mosquito no afectó la supervivencia de la rana patiroja, aún cuando la abundancia de peces se tornó elevada (∼1011 por estanque). Dos mecanismos pueden haber bloqueado los efectos del pez mosquito en la supervivencia de renacuajos: (1) los estanques con peces tuvieron menos invertebrados depredadores y (2) los peces mosquito prefírieron otro tipo de presas en los experimentos de laboratorio. Sin embargo, los renacuajos de rana patiroja sufrieron mas lesiones en estanques con peces y pesaron 34% menos durante metamorfósis. La disminución en crecimiento pudo haber sido causada por lesines o por niveles mas bajos de forrajeo en presencia de peces. Los resultados de laboratorio muestran que los renacuajo jóvenes fueron menos activos en presencia de peces mosquito. A pesar de que tanto los peces mosquito como la rana toro afectaron a la rana patiroja, el impacto de la rana toro en la supervivencia de la rana patiroja contribuye mas fuertemente a su disminución." @default.
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• W2117965364 date "1999-06-01" @default.
• W2117965364 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W2117965364 title "Effects of Introduced Mosquitofish and Bullfrogs on the Threatened California Red-Legged Frog" @default.
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• W2117965364 doi "https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98075.x" @default.
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