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• W2121696985 abstract "HomeHypertensionVol. 55, No. 1Aortic Stiffness, Impaired Fasting Glucose, and Aging Free AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyReddit Jump toFree AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBAortic Stiffness, Impaired Fasting Glucose, and Aging Thore Dietrich, Ute Schaefer-Graf, Eckart Fleck and Kristof Graf Thore DietrichThore Dietrich From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology (T.D., E.F., K.G.), Deutsches Herzzentrum, Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Diabetes and Pregnancy (U.S.-G.), St. Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany. Search for more papers by this author , Ute Schaefer-GrafUte Schaefer-Graf From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology (T.D., E.F., K.G.), Deutsches Herzzentrum, Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Diabetes and Pregnancy (U.S.-G.), St. Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany. Search for more papers by this author , Eckart FleckEckart Fleck From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology (T.D., E.F., K.G.), Deutsches Herzzentrum, Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Diabetes and Pregnancy (U.S.-G.), St. Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany. Search for more papers by this author and Kristof GrafKristof Graf From the Department of Medicine-Cardiology (T.D., E.F., K.G.), Deutsches Herzzentrum, Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin Center for Diabetes and Pregnancy (U.S.-G.), St. Joseph Hospital, Berlin, Germany. Search for more papers by this author Originally published23 Nov 2009https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.135897Hypertension. 2010;55:18–20Other version(s) of this articleYou are viewing the most recent version of this article. Previous versions: November 23, 2009: Previous Version 1 The arterial wall is subject to a continuous process of structural, cellular, and molecular modifications that involve cellular growth processes, apoptosis, cell migration, inflammation, and fibrosis, resulting in changes of wall structure and dimension, as well as contractile and elastic properties. Physiological remodeling is an adaptive response to hemodynamic changes in the sense of repair or adjustment. Cardiovascular (CV) diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension, as well as aging, lead to enhancement of vascular maladaptive processes and the formation of atherosclerotic lesions and calcifications. One essential consequence of these maladaptive processes is the change of the arterial wall structure and the loss of the elastic properties of the conduit arteries, which is of growing clinical relevance. This phenomenon is termed “arterial stiffening.” This process leads to increased pulse wave velocities and an increase of systolic and pulse pressures attributable to an alteration in the timing of reflected waves.1Various studies using a variety of indices have established that arterial stiffness is increased with CV risk factors for atherosclerosis, is higher in women, and increases with age even in the absence of vascular disease or risk factors.2,3 Elevated blood pressure related to peripheral vasoconstriction increases aortic stiffness, which is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in patients with essential hypertension.4,5 The relevance of arterial stiffness, carotid pulse pressure, and augmentation index, as independent predictors for CV events, comes from epidemiological studies. The largest amount of evidence has been given for aortic stiffness, measured through carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), as >10 000 subjects have been included in studies.1Impaired Fasting Glucose, DM, and Arterial StiffeningDM is associated with a high risk for CV morbidity and mortality, including myocardial infarction, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, heart failure (HF), and stroke.6 DM leads to abnormal stiffening of the aorta and the large arteries,6,7 abnormal ventricular vascular coupling, elevated cardiac filling pressures, LV hypertrophy, and HF with systolic and diastolic dysfunction. In the smaller arteries, DM causes endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis.The Hoorn Study7 investigated the occurrence of arterial stiffness in patients with DM and individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Arterial stiffness was ultrasonically estimated by distensibility and compliance of the carotid, femoral, and brachial arteries and by the carotid elastic modulus. DM was associated with increased arterial stiffness in the muscular brachial and femoral arteries, and as well in the more elastic carotid artery, where, as in IFG, only brachial and femoral indices were increased. The effect of glycemic status on central aortic stiffness was assessed using total systemic arterial compliance, aortic pressure augmentation index, and carotid-femoral transit time in the same cohort. IFG and DM were associated with increased central artery stiffness, which was more pronounced in DM.3The Rotterdam Study, a Dutch population-based cohort study with 2987 subjects aged ≥60 years, showed that aortic PWV is a strong predictor of coronary heart disease and stroke. Aortic PWV improved the prediction of CV disease when added to known risk factors, measures of atherosclerosis, and pulse pressure.8 In this cohort, arterial stiffness was assessed by measuring common carotid arterial distensibility and glucose status classified into 3 categories, individuals with normal fasting glucose (NFG), those with IFG, and those with DM. Increasing impairment of glucose metabolism was strongly associated with a decrease in carotid distensibility. Below 75 years of age there was no difference between IFG and NFG in this cohort. Only individuals aged ≥75 years with IFG had stiffer arteries than subjects with NFG.9Two studies coming from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Trial used aortic MRI for the first time to analyze aortic distensibility (stiffness) in a large-scale, population-based study. The high spatial resolution of the MRI provides exceptional image quality to assess minimal and maximal cross-sectional areas of the ascending aorta and its wall to calculate aortic distensibility (Figure). Using the main pulmonary artery as an anatomic landmark, the method provides high accuracy and reproducibility.10 Furthermore, the MESA Trial enabled the investigators to analyze ≈3500 MRI data sets obtained by a standardized protocol in 6 study imaging centers from a multiethnic cohort of men and women in the age range of 45 to 84 years, who did not present clinical signs of CV disease at the time of recruitment. Download figureDownload PowerPointFigure. Aortic stiffness and distensibility measurements by MRI are obtained by measurements of velocity-encoded flow imaging on 2 levels (orange lines), pulmonary artery level and 10 cm below the diaphragm, as shown on the proton density-weighted black-blood anatomic image of the aortic “candy cane.” The PWV (meters per second) was calculated by dividing the distance between measurement levels by the time difference between the arrival of the pulse wave at these levels. Arrival time of the pulse wave at each level was defined as the time point when the mean velocity reached half of its maximum value. Courtesy of Valentina Puntmann, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus.Using aortic and cardiac MRI data from this cohort, Rerkpattanapipat et al11 demonstrated that middle-aged and older individuals with IFG did not exhibit abnormal aortic distensibility or LV hypertrophy compared with individuals with NFG. Total vascular stiffness, however, which was assessed by the division of MRI-measured stroke volume with pulse pressure, demonstrated increased stiffness also in the IFG group compared with persons with NFG. The authors concluded that individuals with IFG have not yet developed complete phenotypic changes of aortic stiffness and LV hypertrophy compared with diabetics.A further data analysis from the same cohort, which is presented in this issue of Hypertension, provides additional evidence about the relationship between the glycemic status and age on aortic distensibility. Stacey et al12 analyzed the MRI-derived measurements in the same MESA participants for age-related effects and glycemic status. The authors observed a strong relationship between aging and aortic stiffness in the whole cohort. There was also a significant difference of aortic stiffening among the 3 groups <65 years of age, whereas IGF behaved as an intermediate between diabetes mellitus and individuals with NFG. Over the age of 65 years, the effect of the glycemic status on aortic distensibility decreased continuously and was no longer different between IGF and NFG individuals. However, it was still preserved in diabetic patients. In contrast to the data published from the same cohort by Rerkpattanapipat et al,11 who could not find a significant difference of central aortic stiffness between individuals with IFG and NFG, the present analysis of the same cohort revealed age as an important discriminator for decreased aortic distensibility in individuals below the age of 65 years. The significant relationship between IFG and aortic stiffness disappeared with increasing age. The apparent differences to the results from the Rotterdam Study are not surprising; they can probably be best explained by differences in the higher sensitivity of the MRI and type of artery, as well as by different population characteristics.Why Is Aortic Stiffening So Relevant?Arterial stiffening occurs as a consequence of aging and is increased by CV risk factors, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus. It predicts CV events independent of the traditional risk factors.5 Recent studies demonstrate that there is a close relationship between aortic and ventricular stiffening that is increased in older individuals and women.1,13 The present cardiac and vascular MRI studies obtained in participants of the MESA Trial demonstrated that arterial stiffness is associated with early and asymptomatic systolic and diastolic cardiac dysfunction.14HF is the major cause of CV morbidity and mortality. HF is predominantly a disease of the elderly. The mean age of HF patients is >70 years in most developed countries, and the prevalence of HF rises dramatically with age, from 1% to 2% among individuals aged 45 to 54 years to >10% among those aged >75 years.15 Aging predisposes to HF through multiple mechanisms. Especially in elderly patients, HF with preserved ejection fraction is the prominent finding. Aging is associated with reduced aortic and LV compliance, increased aortic stiffness, and abnormal LV diastolic function. These conditions lower the threshold for the development of HF when the heart is exposed to precipitating factors, such as hypertension and/or tachyarrhythmias (especially atrial fibrillation). The coupling of ventricular and vascular stiffening processes lead to load-dependent impairment of systolic ventricular function without primarily affecting the systolic function. Using MRI as it was used in the MESA Trial, Fernandes et al14 reported that patients with isolated diastolic HF had reduced aortic distensibility, which was beyond that which occurs with normal aging. Redfield et al13 speculated that the combined ventricular-vascular stiffening might contribute to the increased prevalence of HF with preserved ejection fraction in elderly and especially in elderly women.There is substantial evidence that alteration of the elastic and contractile properties of the large arteries is closely related to CV morbidity and mortality. The data from the MESA Trial underline how early these pathological changes occur in individuals with intermediate risk (IFG). There is not yet sufficient evidence that a reversibility of aortic stiffness modifies outcome, except in 1 study in patients with end-stage renal failure.16 The recent findings from the MESA urge for an assessment of interventional strategies in individuals with intermediate risk and parameters of increased aortic stiffness or distensibility.The opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.Sources of FundingNone.DisclosuresNone.FootnotesCorrespondence to Kristof Graf, Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany. E-mail [email protected] References 1 Laurent S, Boutouyrie P. Recent advances in arterial stiffness and wave reflection in human hypertension. Hypertension. 2007; 49: 1202–1206.LinkGoogle Scholar2 Liang YL, Shiel LM, Teede H, Kotsopoulos D, McNeil J, Cameron JD, McGrath BP. Effects of Blood pressure, smoking, and their interaction on carotid artery structure and function. Hypertension. 2001; 37: 6–11.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3 Schram MT, Henry RM, van Dijk RA, Kostense PJ, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Westerhof N, Stehouwer CD. Increased central artery stiffness in impaired glucose metabolism and type 2 diabetes: the Hoorn Study. Hypertension. 2004; 43: 176–181.LinkGoogle Scholar4 Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, Gautier I, Benetos A, Lacolley P, Laurent S. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: a longitudinal study. Hypertension. 2002; 39: 10–15.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5 Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, Gautier I, Laloux B, Guize L, Ducimetiere P, Benetos A. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2001; 37: 1236–1241.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6 Henry P, Thomas F, Benetos A, Guize L. Impaired fasting glucose, blood pressure and cardiovascular disease mortality. Hypertension. 2002; 40: 458–463.LinkGoogle Scholar7 Henry RM, Kostense PJ, Spijkerman AM, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, Heine RJ, Kamp O, Westerhof N, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CD. Arterial stiffness increases with deteriorating glucose tolerance status: the Hoorn Study. Circulation. 2003; 107: 2089–2095.LinkGoogle Scholar8 Mattace-Raso FU, van der Cammen TJ, Hofman A, van Popele NM, Bos ML, Schalekamp MA, Asmar R, Reneman RS, Hoeks AP, Breteler MM, Witteman JC. Arterial stiffness and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 2006; 113: 657–663.LinkGoogle Scholar9 van Popele NM, Elizabeth Hak A, Mattace-Raso FU, Bots ML, van der Kuip DA, Reneman RS, Hoeks AP, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, Witteman JC. Impaired fasting glucose is associated with increased arterial stiffness in elderly people without diabetes mellitus: the Rotterdam Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006; 54: 397–404.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar10 Hundley WG, Kitzman DW, Morgan TM, Hamilton CA, Darty SN, Stewart KP, Herrington DM, Link KM, Little WC. Cardiac cycle-dependent changes in aortic area and distensibility are reduced in older patients with isolated diastolic heart failure and correlate with exercise intolerance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 38: 796–802.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11 Rerkpattanapipat P, D'Agostino RB Jr, Link KM, Shahar E, Lima JA, Bluemke DA, Sinha S, Herrington DM, Hundley WG. Location of arterial stiffening differs in those with impaired fasting glucose versus diabetes: implications for left ventricular hypertrophy from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Diabetes. 2009; 58: 946–953.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar12 Stacey RB, Bertoni AG, Eng J, Bluemke DA, Hundley WG, Herrington D. Modification of the effect of glycemic status on aortic distensibility by age in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Hypertension. 2010; 55: 26–32.LinkGoogle Scholar13 Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Borlaug BA, Rodeheffer RJ, Kass DA. Age- and gender-related ventricular-vascular stiffening: a community-based study. Circulation. 2005; 112: 2254–2262.LinkGoogle Scholar14 Fernandes VR, Polak JF, Cheng S, Rosen BD, Carvalho B, Nasir K, McClelland R, Hundley G, Pearson G, O'Leary DH, Bluemke DA, Lima JA. Arterial stiffness is associated with regional ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008; 28: 194–201.LinkGoogle Scholar15 Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, McMurray JJ, Ponikowski P, Poole-Wilson PA, Stromberg A, van Veldhuisen DJ, Atar D, Hoes AW, Keren A, Mebazaa A, Nieminen M, Priori SG, Swedberg K, Vahanian A, Camm J, De Caterina R, Dean V, Dickstein K, Filippatos G, Funck-Brentano C, Hellemans I, Kristensen SD, McGregor K, Sechtem U, Silber S, Tendera M, Widimsky P, Zamorano JL. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology–developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). Eur Heart J. 2008; 29: 2388–2442.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar16 Guerin AP, Blacher J, Pannier B, Marchais SJ, Safar ME, London GM. Impact of aortic stiffness attenuation on survival of patients in end-stage renal failure. Circulation. 2001; 103: 987–992.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited By Zhang X, Wang L, Guo R, Xiao J, Liu X, Dong M, Luan X, Ji X and Lu H (2021) Ginsenoside Rb1 Ameliorates Diabetic Arterial Stiffening via AMPK Pathway, Frontiers in Pharmacology, 10.3389/fphar.2021.753881, 12 Francois M, Pistawka K, Halperin F and Little J (2018) Cardiovascular benefits of combined interval training and post-exercise nutrition in type 2 diabetes, Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.10.002, 32:2, (226-233), Online publication date: 1-Feb-2018. Wu J, Saleh M, Kirabo A, Itani H, Montaniel K, Xiao L, Chen W, Mernaugh R, Cai H, Bernstein K, Goronzy J, Weyand C, Curci J, Barbaro N, Moreno H, Davies S, Roberts L, Madhur M and Harrison D (2015)(2015)(2016)(2016) Immune activation caused by vascular oxidation promotes fibrosis and hypertension, Journal of Clinical Investigation, 10.1172/JCI80761, 126:1, (50-67), Online publication date: 23-Nov-2015., Online publication date: 23-Nov-2015., Online publication date: 4-Jan-2016., Online publication date: 4-Jan-2016. Wu J, Thabet S, Kirabo A, Trott D, Saleh M, Xiao L, Madhur M, Chen W and Harrison D (2013) Inflammation and Mechanical Stretch Promote Aortic Stiffening in Hypertension Through Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, Circulation Research, 114:4, (616-625), Online publication date: 14-Feb-2014.Rossi G, Seccia T and Pessina A (2010) Response to Is the Aldosterone:Renin Ratio Truly Reproducible?, Hypertension, 55:5, (e19-e19), Online publication date: 1-May-2010. January 2010Vol 55, Issue 1 Advertisement Article InformationMetrics https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.135897PMID: 19933926 Originally publishedNovember 23, 2009 PDF download Advertisement SubjectsAtherosclerosisComputerized Tomography (CT)Diabetes, Type 2Epidemiology" @default.
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