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- W2122145137 abstract "The Calypso 4D localization system can provide precise and continuous target localization during radiotherapy. The stability of the implanted transponders is critical for using this technology to set up the patient and track the tumor during treatment. Inter- transponder distance has been used to verify the stability of the implant. However, when there is organ deformation, this method may erroneously detect migration of a transponder. In this project, we used deformable image registration to separate the migration of a transponder from its movement with the deformed organ. Six patients treated to an intact prostate (#1 to #6) and one patient treated to the prostatic fossa (#7) were retrospectively selected for the study. Patients received an implant of three Calypso transponders in the prostate or fossa. One week after the implant, a CT was acquired for radiotherapy planning. On the first day of treatment, an in room CT-on-rails was used to crosscheck the setup accuracy of the Calypso system. For patients # 4 and #7, three extra CT images were obtained to monitor the stability of the transponders. All CT images were pre-processed with a Gaussian filter to mask the fiducials before the image registration. A fluid-based deformable image warping method was used to fuse the treatment and planning images. The displacement field obtained from the registration was applied to deform the original treatment images with fiducials. The inter-transponder distance was measured on the planning CT, original treatment CT and warped treatment CT. For patient #1 to #6, with little deformation of the prostate, the change of inter-transponder distance between planning and treatment CT of all pairs of transponders is small. It is 0.4 ± 1.0 mm between right and left mid-base transponders (R-L), 0.6 ± 1.6 mm between right mid-base and apex one (R-A), and 0.2 ± 2.1 mm between left mid-base and apex one (L-A). The maximum difference is 3.1 mm on (R-A) pair of one patient. The difference further decreases if distances are measured on the deformed image (data not shown). For patient #7 with large deformation, when measured on the non-deformed treatment CTs (CT1, CT2 and CT3), the maximum distance difference is 5.4 mm for CT1, 8.6 mm for CT2 and 7.6 mm for CT3. After image registration, the inter-transponder distances were re-measured and the maximum difference was reduced to 2.4 mm, 3.3 mm, and 3.8 mm, for CT1, CT2, and CT3, respectively. We did not find visual evidence of migration of transponders. We developed an image registration method that accounts for organ deformation to study the migration of implanted fiducials. It is a useful quantitative tool to monitor the stability of Calypso transponders. There was little evidence of transponder migration for patients used in this study." @default.
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- W2122145137 date "2009-11-01" @default.
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- W2122145137 title "Evaluation through Image Warping of the Effect of Prostate Deformation on Calypso Transponder Migration" @default.
- W2122145137 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.1379" @default.
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