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• W2122610939 abstract "The Wigeon Anas penelope is a grazing duck which used to winter almost entirely on estu­ aries in Britain, feeding on Zostera and algae on mudflats and grazing saltmarsh grasses (Atkinson-Willes 1963). The species has, in recent decades, changed its distribution both by moving increasingly inland to feed (Owen & Williams 1976) and by shifting from unpro­ tected areas to reserves (Owen & Salmon 1985). The number of Wigeon wintering in Britain has not shown a substantial trend in either direction since 1960, though a number of cold winters in the last decade has resulted in temporary influxes (Owen et al. 1986 and Fig. 1) and the total for northwest Europe has also been relatively stable since 1967 (Monval & Pirot 1989). Britain, at peak, holds more than a quarter of the northwest European stock, estimated at about 750,000 (Monval & Pirot 1989). Changes in the fortunes of the species in Britain, therefore, may have an important effect on the total population. Owen & Mitchell (1988) detailed the breed­ ing range and migratory flyways of Wigeon wintering in Britain and Ireland based on ring­ ing recoveries. The breeding range includes Iceland, Fennoscandia through northern USSR to about 90°E, with a marked concentration between 50°E and 70°E. Most recoveries of Wigeon ringed in Iceland were from northern Scottish and some Irish counties, whilst most British recoveries from ringing in northwest Europe and western USSR were in southern and eastern counties and some southern Irish counties. A ‘roundabout’ migration pattern was suggested for continental/USSR breeders the spring route being further south than the return autumnal passage. Recoveries within a winter of Wigeon ringed in Britain, received prior to January 1986, show a marked westwards and northwestward movement, particularly to Ireland, from the principal ringing stations in Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex. Peak counts of wintering Wigeon occurred in autumn in northern British counties and in late winter in eastern British counties. The Wigeon of southern England in autumn include those en route to Ireland. Many die during the shooting season and are supplemented by ar­ rivals of ducks wintering in northwest conti­ nental Europe, particularly at times of cold weather. The northerly group, consisting pre­ dominantly of Icelandic stock, pass through Scotland in the autumn to winter further south and southwest, but are not substantially re­ placed. The Wigeon is an important quarry of wildfowlers. It is the third most important wildfowl species in the bag of British shooters; in the early eighties the total shot was around 120,000 annually (Harradine 1985). Distribu­ tion changes, especially when they involve movements from shooting areas to reserves, greatly affect hunting opportunities. In recent years there have been considerable local shifts in the numbers of Wigeon within Britain, particularly involving major sites in the north of England. The peak counts of Wigeon in four of these sites for the 1980s are given in Figure 2. Clearly substantial changes have occurred, but those on adjacent sites seem not to have been well correlated. The most striking changes, and those that have caused most interest among wildfowlers and conservation­ ists, are the decline in peak numbers at Lin­ disfame and the increase on the Ribble Estu­ ary. The variations at the two sites are, how­ ever, not closely related and a much more detailed examination is required before any conclusions can be reached as to whether or not the changes in the east and west are linked. The effective conservation and management of Wigeon in Britain and Ireland depends on a knowlege not only of numbers and distribution at a particular time but also of their movements and turnover within a winter, and of the rela-" @default.
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• W2122610939 date "1990-01-01" @default.
• W2122610939 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W2122610939 title "Wigeon Anas penelope movements and turnover: a report on the first two seasons of a Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust Project" @default.
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