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• W21246768 abstract "Two principal strategies are used to energize membranes in living organisms, a Na+ strategy and a voltage strategy. In the Na+ strategy a primary Na+/K+ ATPase imposes both Na+ and K+ concentration gradients across cell membranes with Na+ high outside and K+ high inside the cells. The Na+ gradient, Δ[Na+] is used to drive diverse secondary transporters. For example, in many animal cells Δ[Na+] drives Na+ inwardly coupled to H+ outwardly, mediated by Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs). They provide the principal means by which metabolically produced acids are ejected from mammalian cells [70]. In the voltage strategy the electron transport system of prokaryotes or H+ V-ATPases of eukaryotes, impose a voltage gradient, ΔΨ, across biological membranes with the outside positive. The ΔΨ drives secondary (Na+ or K+)/nH+ antiport that is mediated by Na+/H+ antiporters (NHAs). The stoichiometry of NHEs is 1Na+ to 1H+ so they are independent of the membrane potential and are said to be electroneutral. The stoichiometry of NHAs is 1Na+ or K+ to more than 1H+ so they are driven both by the ion gradients and the membrane potential and are said to be electrophoretic. NHAs operate in the opposite direction from NHEs, moving nH+ inwardly and Na+ or K+ outwardly. ΔΨ also drives Na+- or K+-coupled nutrient amino acid uptake that is mediated by electrophoretic (Na+ or K+) amino acid symporters (NATs) [11]. In eukaryotic cells the primary sources of voltage gradients across plasma membranes have classically been considered to be K+, Na+, or other ionic diffusion potentials. Thus, K+ diffusion potentials dominate the resting potential and Na+ diffusion potentials dominate the action potential in squid axon and many other nerves. Only recently are ΔΨs generated by H+ V-ATPases becoming recognized as the energy source for electrophoretic transporters in animal cells [35, 65, 90]. The H+ V-ATPases translocate H+ outwardly across the cell membrane leaving their partner anion (gegenion) behind. Thus, they charge the capacitance of the membrane resulting in a transmembrane voltage, with the outside positive. The translocated H+s exchange with more numerous Na+s or K+s in the outside bulk solution, transforming the H+ electrochemical gradient to a Na+ or K+ electrochemical gradient which in turn drives Na+- or K+-coupled amino acid symport via a NAT into the cells. Membrane energization by H+ V-ATPases is accomplished by a five-phase system consisting of (1) the bulk solution inside the cells, (2) the inside solution/membrane interface, (3) the membrane, (4) the outside solution/membrane interface, and (5) the outside bulk solution [36, 49, 50]." @default.
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• W21246768 date "2009-10-15" @default.
• W21246768 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W21246768 title "H+, Na+, K+, and Amino Acid Transport in Caterpillar and Larval Mosquito Alimentary Canal" @default.
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• W21246768 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60327-229-2_6" @default.
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