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• W2129808101 abstract "This study endeavored to determine the best cut-off points for distinguishing between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects with the TNO (global) and Titmus (local) stereopsis tests. They were determined to be 90 and 45 seconds of arc, respectively, in the population of 174 students. PACIFIC UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF OPTOMETRY AMERICAN ACADEMY OF OPTOMETRY ANNUAL MEETING, BOSTON THURSDAY, OCTOBER 13, 2011 METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 174 randomly selected students of Zahedan University of Medical Sciences that met inclusion criteria served as subjects. Subjects were divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic groups according to the presence or absence of binocular vision symptoms. Dissociated heterophoria was determined with use of the alternate prism cover test and stereopsis with TNO and Titmus tests. RESULTS The mean of the stereopsis threshold in the symptomatic group is higher than the asymptomatic group with both tests and both types of disparity. The differences were statistically different with the Mann-Whitney U test. CONCLUSION Stereopsis is useful in distinguishing between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. For that purpose, a global test was more useful than a local test. Specifically, symptomatic subjects could be detected at a higher (90 arc sec) threshold with random-dot stereopsis than the 45 arc sec symptom threshold with Titmus-type stereopsis. Clinicians can note that, according to the results of this study, fully half of esophoric patients will be symptomatic, while only approximately a quarter of exophores were. Acknowledgments: We thank the students who participated as subjects in this study. References 1. Remington LA. Clinical Anatomy of the Visual System, 2nd edition. Waltham, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004. 2. Read J. Early computational processing in binocular vision and depth perception. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 2005; 87: 77-108. 3. Schwartz SH. Visual Perception: A Clinical Orientation, 4th edition. New York : McGraw- Hill, 2009. 4. Qiu FT, von der Heydt R. Figure and ground in the visual cortex: V2 combines stereoscopic cues with Gestalt rules. Neuron 2005; 47: 155-66. 5. Hamshker KD. Stereopsis and unilateral brain disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1978; 17: 336-43. 6. Nakatsuka C, Zhang B, Watanable I, Zheng J, Bi H, Ganz L, Smith EL, Harwerth RS, Chino YM. Effects of perceptual learning on local stereopsis and neuronal responses of V1 and V2 in prism-reared monkeys. J Neurophysiol. 2007;97:2612-26. 7. Bradshaw MF, Cumming BG. The direction of retinal motion facilitates binocular stereopsis. Proc Biol Sci. 1997;264:1421-427. 8. Nongpiur ME, Sharma P. Horizontal Lang two-pencil test as a screening test for stereopsis and binocularity. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2010; 58: 287-290. 9. Random Dot 2 Acuity Test with Lea Symbols. Bernell Corporation, Mishawaka, IN. http://www.bernell.com/product/4052/126 Accessed August 12, 2011. 10. Random Dot Preschool Stereoacuity Test, Stereo Optical Corporation, Chicago, IL. http://www.stereooptical.com/products/stereotests Accessed August 12, 2011. 11. Evans B. Pickwell's Binocular Vision Anomalies, 5th ed. Boston: Butterworth- Heinemann, 2007: 24-91. Added for this and the Remington reference. Publishing location INTRODUCTION One factor in the evaluation of binocular vision is the measurement of stereopsis. Several methods are available for this purpose. The most common procedures are anaglyphic (red-green) and vectographic (polarized) filttering. The purpose of this study is determination of stereopsis with global (TNO) and local (Titmus) tests. These were used to distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects with respect to type of disparity (crossed and/or uncrossed) in exophoric and esophoric subjects. TNO Random-Dot Stereotest Titmus Local Stereotest Stereopsis Test Asymptomatic Subjects Symptomatic Subjects All Subjects P-value Crossed TNO 76.7 ± 81.9 133.1 ± 68.6 92.3 ± 82.2 0.001 Uncrossed TNO 83.2 ± 49.3 135.0 ± 66.0 97.5 ± 58.9 0.004 Crossed Titmus 40.7 ± 3.3 44.3 ± 7.1 41.7 ± 4.6 0.006 Uncrossed Titmus 40.0 ± 0.0 50.0 ± 11.8 42.7 ± 7.6 The mean measured stereopsis with TNO and Titmus tests and using the default crossed disparity, with the test booklets upright, and uncrossed disparity, with the stereotests inverted, presented for all subjects by symptoms are in Table" @default.
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• W2129808101 title "Comparison of Stereopsis with TNO and Titmus Test in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic University Students" @default.
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