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- W2130228977 abstract "The identification of insanity, and its symptoms has been commented upon in south Asia for several millennia. In the traditional Hindu medical texts, Unmada (loss of reason) and bhuta-vidya (literal translation: the knowledge of ghosts) formed a distinct canon within the treatise. Interestingly, the symptom clusters identified (prolonged immobility, predilection to dance and sing or dress outlandishly, talk excessively, extreme fear and suspicion) are quite similar to contemporary times. These ideas were developed further under the Islamic influence, and by the time western medicine arrived in India (18–19th century), the terms paagalpan (Hindi), deewangee (Urdu), and insanity were used as synonyms in medical handbooks (Breton, 1825). The cardinal symptoms of various psychiatric syndromes were well defined under the respective systems, as also the differentiation from mental retardation. The development of Asylums under the colonial influence helped extend the diagnostic gaze further, so that the early definitions of mania (acuta, longa, episodic, etc.) were seen in records by the 1850s and became more elaborate over time. Since medical education by now was almost completely under British influence, the classification of psychiatric disorders reflected very closely the developments in the UK. Terms such as delirium and dementia praecox are seen in the reports within a few years of their use in Europe. Within this, however, certain individual factors were identified. Cannabis was implicated in a large proportion of admissions, and ‘ganja madness’ one of the most common diagnoses. Many early reports commented on the relatively good outcome of admissions, and that patients could often be discharged into the care of their family and friends. However, it was also commented that many suffered terribly from neglect and abuse, and attending to the physical disease often became a priority after admission. Whether these ‘secondary’ causes of malnutrition and chronic infections contribute to the symptoms of psychoses remains unknown, even now. In addition, the marked difference in the prevalence was noted, with rates in India being a fraction of those in the West, and it was suggested that milder forms are simply tolerated and thus not identified as ‘mad’. In addition, many of the wandering beggars, mendicants and holymen could be diagnosed as being mentally ill (though not perceived as such by the populace), according to some British" @default.
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- W2130228977 date "2013-06-01" @default.
- W2130228977 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W2130228977 title "ICD11 and DSM5: The Indian dilemma" @default.
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- W2130228977 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2013.04.003" @default.
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