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• W2130961925 abstract "In her keynote article (Wilson, 2002), Dr Christine Wilsondescribes how attracted she was as an undergraduate to theepidemiological basis of applied nutrition. She then beganto question the adequacy of medical biochemistry alone forconstructing implementable dietary recommendations, espe-cially in terms of population-average nutrient intakes.Dr Wilson saw that the conception of a diet as a daily col-lection of chemicals passing down the throats of the nationneeded complementing by approaches based on thebehavioural sciences.My first comment is that her early insight appears stillnot to be shared by the main body of public health nutri-tionists. The scientific and practical implications are farmore radical than the dietitian’s truism that we eat foods,not nutrients. Most countries’ dietary guidelines have beenchanged in the last few years from nutrients to foods. Yetdietary surveys have reported in terms of nutrient intakes.Sotheymissedoutsomeimportantantioxidants,forexample.As a result, epidemiologists failed to detect benefits to healththat might come from eating fruit and vegetables.Even data expressed in terms of frequencies or daily quan-tities of foods will miss the (patho)physiological effects ofcombinations, sequences and timings of food consumption(Booth, 1988a). For instance, the only proven danger tohealth from the consumption of sugar in particular is theincreased risk of decay of the teeth when sugary foods arerepeatedly left as the last thing in the mouth at intervals ofless than an hour or so. Daily intake of sucrose often corre-lates with frequency of consumption of sugary foods. Yeteven a high frequency would not keep tooth enamel softenedand thus susceptible to caries if the sugar was always eatenbefore the end of the meal or snack and rubbed and washedoff the teeth by subsequent consumption (even without ade-quate fluoride ingestion or toothbrushing). What people needto know is the danger of rapidly repeated challenges to theteeth,notthattheymustdeprivethemselvesofallthetextures,taste and calories given to foods by sugars.Yet the ‘‘gold standard’’ procedures of dietary assessmentand dietary analysis software still report estimates of nutrientor foodintake in quantities summedover periodsof 24hours.Contrary to the established approach to food and nutritionpolicy, this estimation of usual nutrient intakes in daily unitsis not an adequately scientific basis for analysing the influ-encesondiseaseprevalenceinpopulationsnorisitagenerallyusable basis for improving the health of a populace by regu-lating the food supply or advising individuals on how to useavailable foods.My second comment as a nutritional psychologist is trig-gered by Dr Wilson’s mention that the first behaviouralscientist in the USA’s international development researchteams was a psychologist. Subsequently, it seems, the behav-ioural scientists were anthropologists.The longstandingdivergence andevenantagonism betweenpsychology and anthropology is deplorable, especially asbothdisciplineshavesocialandbiologicalwingsandspecialistgroupsinnutritionand,forexample,cognition.TheAAAhasa division of Psychological Anthropology but sadly I’m notaware of Anthropological Psychology in APA.Participatory observation and interviewing of rural groupsin developing countries was of course a separate world fromexperimentingonEuropeanandAmericanstudents(andrats)in laboratories. Nevertheless anthropologists and social psy-chologists now overlap strongly in their work with the FirstWorld research participants and the use of narrative-basedmethodologies. These remarks about nutritional anthropo-logy are indeed intended to promote constructive interactionwith psychologists working on nutrition. In that spirit, thissecond point revolves round a major weakness in psychologygenerally which can be characterised as half-baked anthro-pology (Booth et al., 1990) and has vitiated much researchinto appetite and food choices.This deficiency in 20th-century psychology has been thecollection of data from individuals with a view to under-standing those individuals (rather than attempting to under-stand the culture, as I understand a key interest ofanthropology to be) but then piling all the data into one potbefore beginning to analyse them, by either Spearman’s cor-relational statistics or Fisherian statistics for the batches ofplantsinagriculturalplots.Eventhenon-numerical,narrativepsychology (so-called ‘‘qualitative’’ methods) seems moreconcerned with forcing individual diversity into a generality.With luck the consensus models will reflect some commonE-mail: d.a.booth@bham.ac.edu culture (social and biological). Nevertheless, the rational0195–6663/02/010069+02 $35.00/0 # 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd" @default.
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• W2130961925 date "2002-02-01" @default.
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• W2130961925 title "Nutrients epidemiology or healthy dietary practices?" @default.
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• W2130961925 doi "https://doi.org/10.1006/appe.2001.0447" @default.
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