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- W2132492009 abstract "In a recent review published in Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, we highlighted the concept of the potential risk of heat stroke for swimmers during long-distance events in warm or hot water.1Macaluso F. Barone R. Isaacs A.W. Farina F. Morici G. Di Felice V. Heat stroke risk for open-water swimmers during long-distance events.Wilderness Environ Med. 2013; 24: 362-365Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar After reviewing the scientific literature relevant to the topic, we indicated the factors that may accentuate the risk in open-water swimmers, namely high exercise intensity, specific body composition, heat gain by sunlight radiation, and low potential for convective cooling during swimming.1Macaluso F. Barone R. Isaacs A.W. Farina F. Morici G. Di Felice V. Heat stroke risk for open-water swimmers during long-distance events.Wilderness Environ Med. 2013; 24: 362-365Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar, 2Macaluso F. Di Felice V. Boscaino G. et al.Effects of three different water temperatures on dehydration in competitive swimmers.Sci Sports. 2011; 26: 265-271Crossref Scopus (25) Google Scholar, 3Fujishima K. Shimizu T. Ogaki T. et al.Thermoregulatory responses to low-intensity prolonged swimming in water at various temperatures and treadmill walking on land.J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci. 2001; 20: 199-206Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar, 4Galbo H. Houston M.E. Christensen N.J. et al.The effect of water temperature on the hormonal response to prolonged swimming.Acta Physiol Scand. 1979; 105: 326-337Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar A death during a FINA (Federation Internationale De Natation) competition (10-km Marathon Swimming World Cup race that took place in Fujairah, United Arab Emirates, on October 23, 2010) has been imputed to heat stroke because the water temperature exceeded 31°C. The FINA and ITU (International Triathlon Union) regulation books did not have rules that defined a maximum water temperature, although a minimum water temperature was set. It is with great interest that we learned about the new regulation maximum water temperature limit of 31°C in the FINA rule book regarding open-water swimming events (effective from September 17, 2013, to 2017).5FINA. Open water rulebook. 2013. Available at: http://www.fina.org. Accessed December 4, 2013Google Scholar The decision was announced on July 16, 2013, by the FINA president at the Technical Open Water Swimming Congress in Barcelona, based on a study conducted at the University of Otago in New Zealand in collaboration with the FINA and ITU. Although the experimental data obtained by this research group are yet to be published, the established maximum water temperature set by the FINA is not too different from the temperature extrapolated from the literature by our research group (33°C).1Macaluso F. Barone R. Isaacs A.W. Farina F. Morici G. Di Felice V. Heat stroke risk for open-water swimmers during long-distance events.Wilderness Environ Med. 2013; 24: 362-365Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (17) Google Scholar Moreover, the cooler water temperature limit established by the FINA is likely safer for swimmers. In conclusion, assessment of the risk for heat stroke by examining physiological responses of swimmers during long-distance events assists sports organizations to update rules to safeguard athletes. We maintain that the journal and the editors have accomplished an important task of the sciences “to disseminate knowledge and scientific findings to the broader community.” Heat Stroke Risk for Open-Water Swimmers During Long-Distance EventsWilderness & Environmental MedicineVol. 24Issue 4PreviewOpen-water swimming is a rapidly growing sport discipline worldwide, and clinical problems associated with long-distance swimming are now better recognized and managed more effectively. The most prevalent medical risk associated with an open-water swimming event is hypothermia; therefore, the Federation Internationale De Natation (FINA) has instituted 2 rules to reduce this occurrence related to the minimum water temperature and the time taken to complete the race. Another medical risk that is relevant to open-water swimmers is heat stroke, a condition that can easily go unnoticed. Full-Text PDF" @default.
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- W2132492009 date "2014-06-01" @default.
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- W2132492009 title "Maximum Water Temperature Limit in Open-Water Swimming Events" @default.
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- W2132492009 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wem.2013.12.002" @default.
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