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• W2132617811 endingPage "545" @default.
• W2132617811 startingPage "538" @default.
• W2132617811 abstract "•Thyroid hormone induces hepatic lipogenesis and lipophagy. •Thyroid hormone increases reverse cholesterol transport. •Thyroid hormone regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis via SirT1 and FoxO1. Thyroid hormone (TH) has important roles in regulating hepatic lipid, cholesterol, and glucose metabolism. Recent findings suggest that clinical conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which are associated with dysregulated hepatic metabolism, may involve altered intracellular TH action. In addition, TH has key roles in lipophagy in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial quality control, and the regulation of metabolic genes. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the functions of TH in hepatic metabolism, the relationship between TH and metabolic disorders, and the potential therapeutic use of thyromimetics to treat metabolic dysfunction in the liver. Thyroid hormone (TH) has important roles in regulating hepatic lipid, cholesterol, and glucose metabolism. Recent findings suggest that clinical conditions such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which are associated with dysregulated hepatic metabolism, may involve altered intracellular TH action. In addition, TH has key roles in lipophagy in lipid metabolism, mitochondrial quality control, and the regulation of metabolic genes. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding the functions of TH in hepatic metabolism, the relationship between TH and metabolic disorders, and the potential therapeutic use of thyromimetics to treat metabolic dysfunction in the liver. refers to the production, storage, and use of carbohydrates in cells to maintain energy homeostasis. It is highly conserved and is essentially glucose metabolism to control blood glucose levels. the process in which acetyl-CoA is converted to FAs, which are then esterified with glycerol to form TGs that are packaged in VLDLs and secreted from the liver. during starvation, glucose is generated from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates (such as pyruvate, lactate, and FAs) in the liver to maintain blood glucose levels. a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of lipid or lipoproteins in the blood. a condition in which the thyroid gland produces and secretes excessive amounts of the free thyroid hormones T3 and/or T4. Graves’ disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. a common endocrine disorder of underactive thyroid or low thyroid, in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone. It causes several symptoms including tiredness, cold intolerance, and weight gain. refers to the regulation of lipids in cells such as their degradation (lipolysis) or formation (lipogenesis). TGs and cholesterol are the major components of lipid metabolism. TGs are important for energy storage in adipocytes and muscle cells, whereas cholesterol is a ubiquitous constituent of cell membranes, steroids, bile acids, and as signaling molecules. a highly regulated process of lipid breakdown that involves the hydrolysis of TGs into glycerol and FAs. the autophagic degradation of cellular lipids, which involves the sequestration of lipid droplets and their degradation via lysosomal lipase. a condition in which fat accumulates in the liver independent of alcohol intake. It is generally related to metabolic disorders and is one of the major causes for fatty liver. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is the most extreme form of NAFLD and a major cause of liver cirrhosis. a family of transcription factors, most of which directly bind to DNA in a hormone-dependent manner to regulate gene expression. a multi-step process of FA breakdown to form acetyl-CoA in the mitochondrial matrix, which subsequently enters into the tricarboxylic acid cycle. a process resulting in the net movement of cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver via the plasma compartment. includes thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). T3 is a ligand for TRs, which modulate cell proliferation, development, and metabolism. TH is produced by the thyroid gland." @default.
• W2132617811 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2132617811 creator A5015934115 @default.
• W2132617811 creator A5040378404 @default.
• W2132617811 creator A5069785686 @default.
• W2132617811 date "2014-10-01" @default.
• W2132617811 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W2132617811 title "Thyroid hormone regulation of hepatic lipid and carbohydrate metabolism" @default.
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