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• W2133647910 abstract "A novel metalloproteinase with similarity to pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), which we denoted PAPP-A2, has been identified. Through expression in mammalian cells we showed that recombinant PAPP-A2 polypeptide of 1558 residues resulted from processing of a 1791-residue prepro-protein. Unlike PAPP-A, PAPP-A2 migrated as a monomer (of 220 kDa) in non-reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The prepro-parts of PAPP-A2 and PAPP-A are not homologous, but mature PAPP-A2 shares 45% of its residues with PAPP-A. Because PAPP-A specifically cleaves insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-4, one of six known modulators of IGF-I and -II, we looked for a possible PAPP-A2 substrate among the members of this family. We showed that PAPP-A2 specifically cleaved IGFBP-5 at one site, between Ser-143 and Lys-144. In contrast to the cleavage of IGFBP-4 by PAPP-A that strictly requires the presence of IGF, the cleavage of IGFBP-5 by PAPP-A2 was IGF-independent. Recent data firmly establish PAPP-A and IGFBP-4 as an important functional pair in several systems. Because of its close relationship with PAPP-A, both structurally and functionally, PAPP-A2 is a likely candidate IGFBP-5 proteinase in many tissues and conditioned media where IGFBP-5 proteolysis has been reported.AF311940 A novel metalloproteinase with similarity to pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), which we denoted PAPP-A2, has been identified. Through expression in mammalian cells we showed that recombinant PAPP-A2 polypeptide of 1558 residues resulted from processing of a 1791-residue prepro-protein. Unlike PAPP-A, PAPP-A2 migrated as a monomer (of 220 kDa) in non-reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The prepro-parts of PAPP-A2 and PAPP-A are not homologous, but mature PAPP-A2 shares 45% of its residues with PAPP-A. Because PAPP-A specifically cleaves insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP)-4, one of six known modulators of IGF-I and -II, we looked for a possible PAPP-A2 substrate among the members of this family. We showed that PAPP-A2 specifically cleaved IGFBP-5 at one site, between Ser-143 and Lys-144. In contrast to the cleavage of IGFBP-4 by PAPP-A that strictly requires the presence of IGF, the cleavage of IGFBP-5 by PAPP-A2 was IGF-independent. Recent data firmly establish PAPP-A and IGFBP-4 as an important functional pair in several systems. Because of its close relationship with PAPP-A, both structurally and functionally, PAPP-A2 is a likely candidate IGFBP-5 proteinase in many tissues and conditioned media where IGFBP-5 proteolysis has been reported. AF311940 pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A2 insulin-like growth factor-binding protein insulin-like growth factor the proform of eosinophil major basic protein polymerase chain reaction nucleotide(s) expressed sequence tag kilobase(s) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis polyvinylidene difluoride reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A)1 has recently been shown to specifically cleave insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4) (1Lawrence J.B. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Sottrup-Jensen L. Gleich G.J. Hays L.G. Yates III, J.R. Conover C.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 3149-3153Crossref PubMed Scopus (613) Google Scholar), one of six modulators of IGF-I and -II activity (2Hwa V. Oh Y. Rosenfeld R.G. Endocr. Rev. 1999; 20: 761-787Crossref PubMed Scopus (914) Google Scholar). Cleavage of IGFBP-4 causes release of bound IGF that in turn interacts with its cellular receptor (3Fowlkes J.L. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 1997; 8: 299-306Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar). Interestingly, the cleavage of IGFBP-4 by PAPP-A strictly depends on the presence of IGF (1Lawrence J.B. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Sottrup-Jensen L. Gleich G.J. Hays L.G. Yates III, J.R. Conover C.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 3149-3153Crossref PubMed Scopus (613) Google Scholar). It has been established that PAPP-A is the IGFBP-4 proteinase secreted from fibroblasts (1Lawrence J.B. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Sottrup-Jensen L. Gleich G.J. Hays L.G. Yates III, J.R. Conover C.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 3149-3153Crossref PubMed Scopus (613) Google Scholar), osteoblasts (1Lawrence J.B. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Sottrup-Jensen L. Gleich G.J. Hays L.G. Yates III, J.R. Conover C.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 3149-3153Crossref PubMed Scopus (613) Google Scholar, 4Qin X. Byun D. Lau K.W. Baylink D.J. Mohan S. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2000; 379: 209-216Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar), marrow stromal cells (1Lawrence J.B. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Sottrup-Jensen L. Gleich G.J. Hays L.G. Yates III, J.R. Conover C.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 3149-3153Crossref PubMed Scopus (613) Google Scholar), and vascular smooth muscle cells (5Bayes-Genis A. Schwartz R.S. Lewis D.A. Overgaard M.T. Christiansen M. Oxvig C. Ashai K. Holmes D.R. Conover C.A. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2001; 21: 335-341Crossref PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar) and is present in pregnancy serum (6Overgaard M.T. Haaning J. Boldt H.B. Olsen I.M. Laursen L.S. Christiansen M. Gleich G.J. Sottrup-Jensen L. Conover C.A. Oxvig C. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 31128-31133Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar) and ovarian follicular fluid (7Conover C.A. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Christiansen M. Giudice L.C. J. Clin Endocrinol. Metab. 1999; 84: 4742-4745Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). PreproPAPP-A is synthesized as a 1627-residue protein, which is processed into mature PAPP-A of 1547 residues (8Kristensen T. Oxvig C. Sand O. Moller N.P. Sottrup-Jensen L. Biochemistry. 1994; 33: 1592-1598Crossref PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar, 9Haaning J. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Ebbesen P. Kristensen T. Sottrup-Jensen L. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996; 237: 159-163Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar). In most systems, PAPP-A appears to exist as a homodimer of 400 kDa (1Lawrence J.B. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Sottrup-Jensen L. Gleich G.J. Hays L.G. Yates III, J.R. Conover C.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 3149-3153Crossref PubMed Scopus (613) Google Scholar). However, in pregnancy serum, and possibly elsewhere, >99% of PAPP-A is found as a disulfide bound 2:2 complex with the highly and unusually glycosylated proform of eosinophil major basic protein (proMBP) (10Oxvig C. Sand O. Kristensen T. Gleich G.J. Sottrup-Jensen L. J. Biol. Chem. 1993; 268: 12243-12246Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar, 11Oxvig C. Sand O. Kristensen T. Kristensen L. Sottrup-Jensen L. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1994; 1201: 415-423Crossref PubMed Scopus (96) Google Scholar, 12Overgaard M.T. Oxvig C. Christiansen M. Lawrence J.B. Conover C.A. Gleich G.J. Sottrup-Jensen L. Haaning J. Biol. Reprod. 1999; 61: 1083-1089Crossref PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar). In this covalent complex, proMBP functions as an inhibitor of the proteolytic activity of PAPP-A (6Overgaard M.T. Haaning J. Boldt H.B. Olsen I.M. Laursen L.S. Christiansen M. Gleich G.J. Sottrup-Jensen L. Conover C.A. Oxvig C. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 31128-31133Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar). No proteins with global homology to PAPP-A have been described. Here we report the identification of a novel protein, PAPP-A2, which is a homologue of PAPP-A. Expression of recombinant PAPP-A2 allowed us to establish that PAPP-A2 is an active metalloproteinase, that it specifically cleaves IGFBP-5, and that it therefore likely functions in the same growth regulatory system as PAPP-A. Searching (13Altschul S.F. Madden T.L. Schaffer A.A. Zhang J. Zhang Z. Miller W. Lipman D.J. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 3389-3402Crossref PubMed Scopus (60233) Google Scholar) public databases for DNA sequences that when translated showed homology to the preproPAPP-A protein sequence 2The numbering of preproPAPP-A (GenBankTM accession number AAC50543) (9Haaning J. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Ebbesen P. Kristensen T. Sottrup-Jensen L. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996; 237: 159-163Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar) is used in this paper. revealed two genomic clones, AL031734 and AL031290, containing coding sequence stretches corresponding to ∼25% of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of PAPP-A (residues 96–493)2, and 15% of the C-terminal (residues 1393–1593). Based on their co-localization on chromosome 1 (1q24), we hypothesized the existence of a novel protein similar to PAPP-A, which we named PAPP-A2. We first established a coding cDNA sequence aligning with the ∼60% remaining, central region of PAPP-A; cDNA was synthesized using human placental mRNA as a template and a primer derived from AL031290(5′-GCTCACACACCACAGGAATG-3′). With primers derived from AL031734(5′-GGCTGATGTGCGCAAGACCTG-3′) and AL031290(5′-GCATTGTATCTTCAGGAGCTTG-3′), a PCR product was generated that corresponded to the central region, a total of 908 amino acids (PAPP-A2 residues 665–1572). Manual inspection of the genomic sequence ofAL031734 revealed that the open reading frame of the sequence stretch aligning with PAPP-A continued further in the 5′ direction; nt 102646–103566 encode a polypeptide sequence of 307 residues that starts with a methionine residue. Thus, the same cDNA preparation was used to obtain a contiguous cDNA sequence encoding the N-terminal portion of PAPP-A2 using primers from AL031734(5′-GAAGTTGACTTCTGGTTCTGTAG-3′) and from the central region (5′-CCCTGGGAAGCGAGTGAAGCC-3′). A stop codon was present in the sequence of AL031290 corresponding to PAPP-A residue 1618. Therefore, cDNA was synthesized using placental mRNA and a primer originating from AL031290 further 3′ to this stop codon (5′-GCATTTCTTATAAGATCCTTCATGC-3′). A contiguous cDNA corresponding to the C-terminal of PAPP-A2 was obtained in a PCR with primers from the central region (5′-GACAGCTGTCCGTCATTGCTGC-3′) and from AL031290(5′-CTTACTGCCTCTGAGGCAGTGG-3′). All PCRs were carried out withPfu polymerase (Stratagene). The three overlapping PAPP-A2 cDNA fragments obtained were cloned into the vector pCR-BluntII-TOPO (Invitrogen), and referred to as p2N, p2Mid, and p2C, respectively. The entire sequence of 5376 nucleotides encodes preproPAPP-A2 of 1791 residues 3The entire sequence of 5376 nucleotides encoding preproPAPP-A2 (1791 residues) is deposited in the GenBankTMdata base under accession number AF311940. . A cluster of EST sequences matching the genomic sequence ofAL031290 was identified around nt 64000–66000 of AL031290 starting ∼1.2 kb from the 3′ end of the PAPP-A2 encoding sequence. The existence of mRNA connecting the coding region of PAPP-A2 and this cluster was verified by PCR using primers from AL031290(5′-GGAAAGAGCAGAGTTCACCCAT-3′, nt 64900–64879 of AL031290), the PAPP-A2 encoding sequence (5′-CCGTCTTAGTCCACTGCATCC-3′, nt 20499–20519 of AL031290 and nt 5171–5191 of AF311940), and oligo(dT)-primed placental cDNA as a template (12Overgaard M.T. Oxvig C. Christiansen M. Lawrence J.B. Conover C.A. Gleich G.J. Sottrup-Jensen L. Haaning J. Biol. Reprod. 1999; 61: 1083-1089Crossref PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar). As expected, the size of the resulting product was 2.2 kb, further demonstrating the existence of a PAPP-A2 mRNA with a 3′ untranslated region of ∼3 kb. TheNotI-BamHI fragment from p2C was cloned into pBluescriptIISK+ (Stratagene) to obtain p2CBlue. TheNotI-SpeI fragment from p2N and theSpeI-BclI fragment from p2Mid were ligated into the NotI/BclI sites of p2CBlue to obtain p2NMidCBlue containing the entire PAPP-A2 cDNA. TheNotI-ApaI fragment of pBluescriptIISK+ was ligated into the NotI/ApaI sites of the mammalian expression vector pcDNA3.1+ (Invitrogen) to obtain a modified version of this vector, pcDNA-NA. The full-length cDNA was then excised from p2NMidCBlue with NotI and XhoI and cloned into pcDNA-NA to obtain pPA2. By overlap extension PCR (14Ho S.N. Hunt H.D. Horton R.M. Pullen J.K. Pease L.R. Gene ( Amst ). 1989; 77: 51-59Crossref PubMed Scopus (6851) Google Scholar), a construct encoding an inactive variant of pPA2, pPA2-KO, was made in which Glu-734 is replaced with a Gln (E734Q). Outer primers were 5′-CGCTCAGGGAAGGACAAGGG-3′ (5′ end primer, nt 976–995 of AF311940) and 5′-CTAGAAGGCACAGTCGAGGC-3′ (3′ end primer, nt 1040–1021, sequence of vector pcDNA3.1+). Overlapping, mutated internal primers were 5′-TGTCCCACTTGATGGATCATGGTGTCGGTGTGG-3′ and 5′-CCATGATCCATCAAGTGGGACATGTTCTGGGAC-3′. The mutated fragment was digested with XbaI and XhoI and swapped into pPA2 to generate pPA2-KO. Two primers (5′-GAGGGCCTGTGGACCCAGGAG-3′, nt 4906–4926 of AF311940, and 5′-GACGTAAAGCTTCTGATTTTCTTCTGCCTTGG-3′, nt 5373–5354 of AF311940, preceded by a HindIII site, AAGCTT) were used in a PCR with pPA2 as the template to generate a nucleotide fragment encoding the C-terminal 156 residues of PAPP-A2 with the stop codon replaced by a HindIII site for in-frame ligation into the vector pcDNA3.1/Myc-His(-)A. The PCR product was digested with EcoRI and HindIII and cloned into the EcoRI/HindIII sites of the vector to generate pPA2C-mH. The NotI-XbaI fragment and theXbaI-EcoRI fragment were excised from pPA2 and cloned into the NotI/EcoRI sites of pPA2C-mH. The resulting construct, pPA2-mH, encoded PAPP-A2 followed by residues KLGP, thec-myc epitope (EQKLISEEDL), residues NSAVD, and six histidine residues. A variant of pPA2-mH was constructed with a Glu-734 → Gln substitution; the NotI-KpnI fragment of pPA2-KO was swapped into theNotI-KpnI sites of pPA2-mH to generate pPA2-KO-mH. Culture and transient transfection of human embryonic kidney 293T cells (293tsA1609neo) was performed as described earlier (6Overgaard M.T. Haaning J. Boldt H.B. Olsen I.M. Laursen L.S. Christiansen M. Gleich G.J. Sottrup-Jensen L. Conover C.A. Oxvig C. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 31128-31133Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar) except that the cells were maintained for another 48 h in serum-free medium (293 SFM II, Life Technologies, Inc.). A proteinase assay based on ligand blotting (15Conover C.A. Kiefer M.C. Zapf J. J. Clin. Invest. 1993; 91: 1129-1137Crossref PubMed Scopus (173) Google Scholar) with radiolabeled IGF-II (Bachem) was used initially (for Fig. 3) to test for activity against IGFBP-1 (from HepG2-conditioned medium), rIGFBP-2 (GroPep), rIGFBP-3 (gift of D. Powell), rIGFBP-4 (Austral), rIGFBP-5 (gift of D. Andress), and rIGFBP-6 (Austral). For further analysis, recombinant, c-myc- and His-tagged IGFBP-5 (rIGFBP-5) was produced in mammalian cells. In brief, human placental oligo(dT)-primed cDNA (12Overgaard M.T. Oxvig C. Christiansen M. Lawrence J.B. Conover C.A. Gleich G.J. Sottrup-Jensen L. Haaning J. Biol. Reprod. 1999; 61: 1083-1089Crossref PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar) was used as a template to amplify cDNA encoding human IGFBP-5 (M65062). Primers containing an XhoI site (5′-TCCGCTCGAGATGGTGTTGCTCACCGCGGT-3′) and a HindIII site (5′-CGATAAGCTTCTCAACGTTGCTGCTGTCG-3′) were used, and the resulting PCR product was cloned into the XhoI/HindIII sites of pcDNA3.1/Myc-His(-)A (Invitrogen). Expression was performed as above. Cleavage analysis was carried out by Western blotting. Briefly, rIGFBP-5 as contained in cell culture medium (2 μl, ∼10 ng of rIGFBP-5) was incubated with culture supernatants from cells transfected with pPA2 or pPA2-KO (10 μl, ∼2 ng of rPAPP-A2) or with the same amount of culture supernatant from cells transfected with empty vector. Phosphate-buffered solution and inhibitors as specified in the main text were added to a final volume of 25 μl. After incubation at 37 °C for 12 h, 10 μl of the reaction mixture was separated by reducing 16% SDS-PAGE and blotted onto a PVDF membrane, and intact rIGFBP-5 and the C-terminal cleavage product of rIGFBP-5 were detected with monoclonal anti-c-myc (clone 9E10, ATTC) using peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (P260, DAKO), and ECL (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech). SDS-PAGE was performed in Tris/glycine gels (10–20% or 16%). A metal chelate affinity column (1 ml, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) was charged with nickel ions and used for affinity purification of His-tagged proteins in serum-free medium. Bound protein was eluted with 10 mm EDTA in phosphate-buffered solution containing 500 mm NaCl and further dialyzed against 20 mmHEPES, 100 mm NaCl, and 1 mm CaCl2, pH 7.4. For cleavage site determination, affinity-purified rIGFBP-5 (20 μg) was digested (37 °C for 12 h) with purified rPAPP-A2 (∼1 μg) immobilized via anti-c-myc to recombinant protein G-agarose (Life Technologies, Inc.). Edman degradation was performed as described earlier (16Sottrup-Jensen L. Anal. Biochem. 1995; 225: 187-188Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar). The amount of purified protein was determined by amino acid analysis (17Sottrup-Jensen L. Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int. 1993; 30: 789-794PubMed Google Scholar). Estimation of the amount of rPAPP-A2 and rIGFBP-5 when non-purified was done by comparing the responses in Western blotting (using anti-c-myc) with the responses of known molar amounts of purified rIGFBP-5. To ensure the complete absence of IGF-I or -II in the preparation of rIGFBP-5, affinity-purified material (100 μg) was further loaded onto a Superdex 75 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech), equilibrated, and eluted with 50% formic acid at 0.5 ml/min. At the acidity of the solvent (pH < 1), any possible bound IGF would dissociate from rIGFBP-5 and elute separately (18Hintz R.L. Liu F. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1977; 45: 988-995Crossref PubMed Scopus (238) Google Scholar, 19Mohan S. Baylink D.J. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995; 80: 637-647Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). Next, IGFBP-5-containing fractions were loaded directly onto a reversed-phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) column (4 × 250 mm Nucleosil C4 500-7, Macherey-Nagel). A linear gradient was formed from 0.1% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid (solvent A) and 0.075% (v/v) trifluoroacetic acid in 90% (v/v) acetonitrile (solvent B), increasing the amount of solvent B by 2.3%/min. The column was equilibrated with 5% solvent B, operated at 50 °C and with a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min, and the separation was monitored at 226 nm. Bound IGFBP-5 eluted at ∼42% solvent B. The HPLC step alone was not sufficient as IGF-II (Bachem) eluted close to IGFBP-5 on this column as seen in separate runs. The pure protein was lyophilized, redissolved in solvent A, and further diluted three times in 50 mm Tris, pH 7.5. This material was prepared for experiments to demonstrate that cleavage of IGFBP-5 by PAPP-A2 (using ∼0.1 μg purified PAPP-A2/2 μg IGFBP-5) occurs in the absence of IGF and is not promoted by IGF. We have identified and cloned a novel cDNA sequence encoding a protein of 1791 residues with homology to PAPP-A as detailed under “Experimental Procedures”. We name this protein preproPAPP-A23. Alignment of preproPAPP-A2 with preproPAPP-A (Fig. 1) demonstrates its similarity to mature PAPP-A; there is no homology between the prepro-peptides. In this alignment, 46% of the residues of mature PAPP-A are also present in PAPP-A2. Like PAPP-A, the amino acid sequence of PAPP-A2 contains three lin-notch motifs (LNR1–3) and five short consensus repeats (SCR1–5) (Fig. 1). All 82 cysteine residues of mature PAPP-A are also found in PAPP-A2, but PAPP-A2 has four additional cysteines not present in PAPP-A. In addition, the zinc binding site and a putative Met-turn are conserved between the two proteins (Fig. 1), classifying PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 as metzincins (20Stocker W. Grams F. Baumann U. Reinemer P. Gomis-Ruth F.X. McKay D.B. Bode W. Protein Sci. 1995; 4: 823-840Crossref PubMed Scopus (638) Google Scholar). Interestingly, the residue immediately following the third histidine of the zinc binding consensus (Val-744 in PAPP-A2) and one residue close to the methionine (Asn-805 in PAPP-A2) are conserved within each of the four recognized metzincin superfamily members: the astacins, the reprolysins, the serralysins, and the matrix metalloproteinases (20Stocker W. Grams F. Baumann U. Reinemer P. Gomis-Ruth F.X. McKay D.B. Bode W. Protein Sci. 1995; 4: 823-840Crossref PubMed Scopus (638) Google Scholar). However, PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 do not fit in this pattern, they do not show homology to any members of the four families, and further, the linear distance between the third histidine and the methionine is much longer in PAPP-A and PAPP-A2. PAPP-A and PAPP-A2 are therefore reasonably classified as members of a new, fifth metzincin family, which we tentatively designate the pappalysins. To obtain recombinant PAPP-A2 (rPAPP-A2), 293T cells were transiently transfected with an expression vector encoding c-myc tagged PAPP-A2 (pPA2-mH). Western blotting of the culture medium showed a single band of ∼220 kDa (Fig. 2,lane 2), absent in medium from mock transfected cells (Fig.2, lane 1). Reduction of disulfide bonds did not cause a visible change in band migration (Fig. 2, lane 4). Thus, in contrast to PAPP-A, PAPP-A2 is not a disulfide bound dimer. Edman degradation, performed on purified rPAPP-A2 (Fig. 2, lane 5) blotted onto a PVDF membrane, revealed the N-terminal sequence of the secreted rPAPP-A2 to be 234SPPEESNQ, corresponding to cleavage after the four residues RVKK233(Fig. 1). This supports the prediction that PAPP-A2 is synthesized as a prepro-protein. The absence of an arginine residue in the P1 position indicates that the proprotein processing enzyme responsible for this cleavage is not furin but likely a different proprotein convertase (21Nakayama K. Biochem. J. 1997; 327: 625-635Crossref PubMed Scopus (705) Google Scholar). Because the two motifs responsible for the metalloproteolytic activity of PAPP-A are conserved in PAPP-A2, we hypothesized that PAPP-A2 is a proteolytic enzyme, and because IGFBP-4 is the only known PAPP-A substrate, we looked for a PAPP-A2 substrate among the six known IGFBPs (Fig. 3). IGFBP-1, -2, -4, and -6 were not cleaved; IGFBP-3 showed limited degradation. However, complete proteolysis of IGFBP-5 is evident from this experiment. To further analyze the cleavage of IGFBP-5 by PAPP-A2, IGFBP-5 was expressed in mammalian cells. Wild-type rPAPP-A2 (Fig.4, lane 3), but not a variant mutated in the zinc binding site (E734Q) (Fig. 4, lane 2), efficiently degraded rIGFBP-5. As expected, 1,10-phenanthroline and EDTA but not 3,4-dichloroisocoumarin abolished wild-type rPAPP-A2 activity (Fig. 4, lanes 4–6). Of interest, in contrast to the proteolysis of IGFBP-4 by PAPP-A (1Lawrence J.B. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Sottrup-Jensen L. Gleich G.J. Hays L.G. Yates III, J.R. Conover C.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 3149-3153Crossref PubMed Scopus (613) Google Scholar), cleavage of IGFBP-5 by PAPP-A2 did not require the addition of IGF-I or -II. To verify that cleavage was not induced by traces of IGF bound to IGFBP-5, we further purified this by acidic gel filtration and (RP-HPLC). At low pH, any bound IGF would dissociate from IGFBP-5 (18Hintz R.L. Liu F. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1977; 45: 988-995Crossref PubMed Scopus (238) Google Scholar, 19Mohan S. Baylink D.J. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1995; 80: 637-647Crossref PubMed Google Scholar) and elute separately according to their different molecular weights. Using this material, cleavage of IGFBP-5 by purified PAPP-A2 was still observed without added IGF (Fig. 5,lane 2). Interestingly, added IGF-II did not have any apparent effect on the rate of cleavage as seen with shorter incubation resulting in incomplete digestion (Fig. 5, lanes 3 and4).Figure 5Cleavage of highly purified rIGFBP-5 in the absence of added IGF. Possible traces of bound IGF were removed from affinity-purified rIGFBP-5 by gel filtration at pH < 1 and further by RP-HPLC. Pure protein (2 μg) was incubated (20 h) in the absence (lane 1) and in the presence (lane 2) of purified rPAPP-A2 (0.1 μg). This conclusively shows that the cleavage of IGFBP-5 by PAPP-A2 does not depend on the presence of IGF. Further, shorter incubation (1 μg, 1 h) in the absence (lane 3) and presence (lane 4) of IGF-II (500 nm) revealed that IGF-II did not enhance the proteolysis.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) For cleavage site determination, purified rIGFBP-5 (Fig.6, lane 1) was digested with purified PAPP-A2 and analyzed by SDS-PAGE (Fig. 6, lane 2). Edman degradation of blotted material showed that bothdistinct, visible degradation products (Fig. 6, lane 2) contained the N-terminal sequence144KFVGGA 4IGFBP-5 is numbered with the N-terminal Leu of the mature protein as residue 1. . Both of the two distinct bands represent intact C-terminal cleavage fragments because they also contain the C-terminal c-myc tag (Fig. 6, lane 3); they are likely to be differently glycosylated in accordance with the heterogeneity of purified rIGFBP-5 (Fig. 6, lane 1). Both bands contained a second sequence at lower level (45%), 1LGXFVH, corresponding to the N-terminal sequence of IGFBP-5. The absence of Ser, expected in the third cycle of Edman degradation, was taken as evidence for carbohydrate substitution of Ser-3. O-linked glycan on the N-terminal cleavage fragment is likely to cause it to smear around the two distinct, C-terminal fragments. Sequence analysis directly on the reaction mixture (>100 pmol) without SDS-PAGE separation showed only the same two IGFBP-5 sequences in equimolar amounts. Thus, PAPP-A2 cleaves IGFBP-5 at one site between Ser-143 and Lys-144. Probing a blot with mRNA from several human tissues, previously used for PAPP-A (12Overgaard M.T. Oxvig C. Christiansen M. Lawrence J.B. Conover C.A. Gleich G.J. Sottrup-Jensen L. Haaning J. Biol. Reprod. 1999; 61: 1083-1089Crossref PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar), resulted in a signal from the human placenta only (not shown). However, using the blast algorithm (13Altschul S.F. Madden T.L. Schaffer A.A. Zhang J. Zhang Z. Miller W. Lipman D.J. Nucleic Acids Res. 1997; 25: 3389-3402Crossref PubMed Scopus (60233) Google Scholar), a total of 98 human EST sequences were identified that matched the 3′ untranslated region of the PAPP-A2 mRNA sequence. Of these, 39% originated from placenta, 21% from pregnant uterus, 11% from fetal liver/spleen, and 5% from kidney. Several other tissues were represented but with fewer EST sequences. Hence, like PAPP-A (12Overgaard M.T. Oxvig C. Christiansen M. Lawrence J.B. Conover C.A. Gleich G.J. Sottrup-Jensen L. Haaning J. Biol. Reprod. 1999; 61: 1083-1089Crossref PubMed Scopus (98) Google Scholar), PAPP-A2 expression is neither limited to the placenta nor to pregnancy. Proteolytic activity against IGFBP-5 has been widely reported from several sources, e.g. pregnancy serum (22Claussen M. Zapf J. Braulke T. Endocrinology. 1994; 134: 1964-1966Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar), seminal plasma (23Lee K.O. Oh Y. Giudice L.C. Cohen P. Peehl D.M. Rosenfeld R.G. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1994; 79: 1367-1372Crossref PubMed Scopus (44) Google Scholar), culture media from smooth muscle cells (24Imai Y. Busby Jr., W.H. Smith C.E. Clarke J.B. Garmong A.J. Horwitz G.D. Rees C. Clemmons D.R. J. Clin. Invest. 1997; 100: 2596-2605Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar), granulosa cells (25Resnick C.E. Fielder P.J. Rosenfeld R.G. Adashi E.Y. Endocrinology. 1998; 139: 1249-1257Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar), osteosarcoma cells (26Conover C.A. Kiefer M.C. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1993; 76: 1153-1159Crossref PubMed Scopus (107) Google Scholar), and also from osteoblasts (27Thrailkill K.M. Quarles L.D. Nagase H. Suzuki K. Serra D.M. Fowlkes J.L. Endocrinology. 1995; 136: 3527-3533Crossref PubMed Google Scholar) and fibroblasts (28Busby, W. H., Jr., Nam, T. J., Moralez, A., Smith, C., Jennings, M., and Clemmons, D. R. (2000) J. Biol. Chem..Google Scholar). Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and the serine proteinase complement C1s have been reported to contribute to the IGFBP-5 proteolytic activity in media from osteoblasts (27Thrailkill K.M. Quarles L.D. Nagase H. Suzuki K. Serra D.M. Fowlkes J.L. Endocrinology. 1995; 136: 3527-3533Crossref PubMed Google Scholar) and fibroblasts (28Busby, W. H., Jr., Nam, T. J., Moralez, A., Smith, C., Jennings, M., and Clemmons, D. R. (2000) J. Biol. Chem..Google Scholar), respectively. However, in general, the proteinase responsible for cleavage of IGFBP-5 has remained unidentified. The recent identification of PAPP-A as the IGFBP-4 proteinase in fibroblasts (1Lawrence J.B. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Sottrup-Jensen L. Gleich G.J. Hays L.G. Yates III, J.R. Conover C.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 3149-3153Crossref PubMed Scopus (613) Google Scholar), osteoblasts (1Lawrence J.B. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Sottrup-Jensen L. Gleich G.J. Hays L.G. Yates III, J.R. Conover C.A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 1999; 96: 3149-3153Crossref PubMed Scopus (613) Google Scholar, 4Qin X. Byun D. Lau K.W. Baylink D.J. Mohan S. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2000; 379: 209-216Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar), ovarian follicular fluid (7Conover C.A. Oxvig C. Overgaard M.T. Christiansen M. Giudice L.C. J. Clin Endocrinol. Metab. 1999; 84: 4742-4745Crossref PubMed Google Scholar), pregnancy serum (6Overgaard M.T. Haaning J. Boldt H.B. Olsen I.M. Laursen L.S. Christiansen M. Gleich G.J. Sottrup-Jensen L. Conover C.A. Oxvig C. J. Biol. Chem. 2000; 275: 31128-31133Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (165) Google Scholar), and vascular smooth muscle cells (5Bayes-Genis A. Schwartz R.S. Lewis D.A. Overgaard M.T. Christiansen M. Oxvig C. Ashai K. Holmes D.R. Conover C.A. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 2001; 21: 335-341Crossref PubMed Scopus (138) Google Scholar) firmly establishes PAPP-A and IGFBP-4 as an important functional pair in several systems. No other substrate has been found for PAPP-A, and no other proteinase has been shown to cleave IGFBP-4 physiologically. It is therefore very tempting to speculate that the pair of PAPP-A2 and IGFBP-5 plays an analogous role in a number of the tissues mentioned above. Interestingly, incubating IGFBP-5 with smooth muscle cells-conditioned medium resulted in cleavage between Ser-143 and Lys-144 (24Imai Y. Busby Jr., W.H. Smith C.E. Clarke J.B. Garmong A.J. Horwitz G.D. Rees C. Clemmons D.R. J. Clin. Invest. 1997; 100: 2596-2605Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar), the same cleavage site as found here with purified PAPP-A2. This immediately identifies PAPP-A2 as an obvious candidate IGFBP-5 proteinase for this tissue. After completion of the experimental work presented here, data base searching revealed that additional genomic sequences (AC027620 andAL139282) and a partial cDNA sequence (AJ278348) had appeared. From none of these, however, can the complete cDNA sequence of PAPP-A2 be deduced. In conclusion, we have identified, cloned, and expressed a novel protein with homology to PAPP-A, and we have demonstrated the putative proteolytic activity of this protein. We named the protein PAPP-A2 to signify its close relationship with PAPP-A both structurally and functionally. With PAPP-A, PAPP-A2 defines a new, fifth family of the metzincin superfamily of metalloproteinases, the pappalysins. Further, we have identified a natural substrate for PAPP-A2, IGFBP-5, analyzed its cleavage, and indicated several tissues where PAPP-A2 may be of physiological relevance." @default.
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