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• W2134218184 abstract "The corn sweetener industry is based on processing corn grain (maize), creating value-added products such as glucose, dextrose, and fructose. Conversion of corn stover to sugars has been stymied for years due to cost. Environmental benefits, wider adaptation of sustainable farming practices and the relentless improvements in biotechnology are expected to overcome the economic hurdle within the next five years and recast the corn sweetener industry. The corn sweetner industry uses about 8% of the corn crop (20 million t) in 1997; the fuel ethanol industry used about 13 million t (515 million bu). These combined demands equal 13% of domestic demand for corn. Corn stover consists of the stalks, leaves, and cobs remaining aboveground after the corn kernels are harvested. About 1 kg of stover is produced per kg of grain. In 1997 about 200 million dry t of stover was produced. The mass of stover increases with the yield of the corn—expected to increase 1% to 2% annually More than 90% of the stover is left in the fields. Less than 1% of corn stover is collected for industrial processing. About 5% is baled for animal feed and bedding. Much of the remaining 90+% must be plowed under for planting to proceed on schedule, ensuring the best yield, eliminating weed seeds, insects and disease harbored by the stover, and reducing the threat of alpha-toxins in the corn. Although some residue is required to protect the soil from erosion, some residue can be safely removed. Improved management of the residue has the potential to be a win-win for the producer, processor, and the environment. Now, up to 75% of the surface material decays to CO 2 , a greenhouse gas (Parr and Papendick 1978; Gale and Cambardella 1999). Excessive residue makes no-till farming more difficult and reduces crop yield; cold soil temperature in the spring slows field drying, retards germination, and reduces growing seasons. It also contributes to problems with disease, weeds, pests, and irrigation. As a result of plowing, a carbon deficit can occur in the soil. The plowing activity exposes soil carbon to oxidation, increasing organic carbon loss with the release of CO 2 . The plowing activity also releases soil N to the atmosphere by increasing soil oxidation, similar to the oxidation of soil carbon. This can lead to increases in NO x and N 2 O emissions. Plowing residues back into the soil also increases the amount of fertilizer chemicals that need to be applied. Residues raise the soil carbon content relative to the soil N content. If no N is added, the cash crop harvest is adversely affected while the residue decomposes. Farmers and the corn processing industry—along with the fuel ethanol producers—are in position to benefit from conversion of excess corn stover to fuels and other products. The farmer wins from the stover sales, reduced cultivation costs and possible carbon credits for the greenhouse gas (GHG) offset. The processors grow to meet fuel market needs and create additional products, some new and others previously produced from petroleum. The environment benefits from improved agricultural practices and fewer GHG emissions. Drivers for achieving this vision include moving to more sustainable agricultural practices, improved biomass conversion technology, worldwide commitment to reduce GHG emissions, and increases in petroleum cost as supply dwindles. Many envision this scenario to occur within the next five years." @default.
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• W2134218184 date "1999-01-01" @default.
• W2134218184 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2134218184 title "Corn Stover Potential: Recasting the Corn Sweetener Industry*" @default.
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