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• W2135873295 abstract "Head and eye movements were simultaneously recorded during locomotory and pecking behavior of 4 pigeons (Columba livia), which were trained to traverse a conditioning chamber, with a pecking key and a food dispenser at each end. Each trial involved key pecking, walking, and feeding. Head movements were registered with a skull-mounted miniature accelerometer, and eye movements were recorded with implanted electrooculographic electrodes. An almost perfect temporal coordination between head and eye movements was observed during both walking and feeding bouts. During walking, head movements primarily provide retinal image stability, and eye movements support visual scanning. During feeding, head movements mainly subserve the grasping of food items, and eye movements maintain visual fixation on them. Because the eyes are reflexively closed during the middle phase of pecks, the head and eye movements are then under ballistic control. The peculiar saltatory head motions that many birds exhibit while they walk have repeatedly attracted interest in the past. As early as 1930, Dunlap and Mowrer reported that although the body of locomoting chickens, pigeons, and starlings moves forward relatively smoothly, the head is held still and only thrust forward at intervals. This implies a succession of rapid forward and slower backward movements of the head with respect to the body. Some authors have also drawn attention to a coordination between leg stepping and head bobbing (Bangert, 1960; Daanje, 1951). A related gazestabilizing response, that is, head nystagmus, occurs when these birds are exposed to a rotating visual environment (File, 1968; Frost, 1978; Fukuda, 1951; Gioanni, 1988a; Simon, 1954). A purely vestibularly driven head nystagmus has been demonstrated in pigeons (Gioanni, 1988b; Huizinga & Meulen, 1951). However, Friedman (1975b) and Frost (1978) have concluded after examining the head motions of doves and pigeons in various experimental situations that the retinal image slip associated with locomotion is the principal stimulus that steers the rhythmic head bobbing (see also Davies & Green, 1988). These movements are so prominent that the occurrence of eye movements in birds was virtually overlooked for a long time. Although Benjamins and Huizinga (1927), and later Nye (1968), noted the presence of eye movements in pigeons, such movements have only been described in any detail during the past decade. It is now well established that the movements can amount to 20° or more, particularly in the hori" @default.
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• W2135873295 date "1993-09-01" @default.
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• W2135873295 title "Head and eye movements in unrestrained pigeons (Columba livia)." @default.
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• W2135873295 doi "https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7036.107.3.313" @default.
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