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• W2136075422 abstract "Purpose/Objective(s)Dose calculation is essential in radiation therapy treatment planning. TomoTherapy uses accurate Collapsed Cone Convolution/superposition (CCCS) algorithm as its dose calculation engine. As the CCCS calculation is computationally demanding, computer cluster with 28 cpu cores or 56 cpu cores is provided for the optimization and dose calculation. The recent generation of graphic processing units (GPUs) possesses great computing power due to its massively parallel architecture. We have developed an ultrafast GPU-based Tomotherapy® dose calculation engine capable of performing near real-time dose calculation with a single PC. There are many innovations on the algorithm to make it adapt to the unique architecture of the GPU. This study shows the extensive verification and validation work performed for this new TomoTherapy dose calculation engine.Materials/MethodsTwenty TomoDirect, 12 TomoHelical, and a few other special plans (including StatRT, 3DCRT, etc.) was planned and delivered on the Tomo Cheese phantom. For each delivery, a Kodak EDR2 film is used to record the 2D dose distribution and 2 Extradin A1SL ion chambers are used to measure point dose at 2 locations. The GPU dose engine runs on a single NVIDIA GTX295 card and the original commercial version runs on a CPU cluster with 56 cores cluster. The dose calculated with the GPU dose engine is compared to the ion chamber and film measurements as well as to that calculated with the original Tomotherapy® dose calculation engine.ResultsThe GPU algorithm on one GTX295 is 8-16 times faster than original dose engine running on a blade cluster with 56 cpu cores (2.33GHz Xeon5148). This translates to a speedup of 400-800 over a single Xeon5148 core. The new GPU-based CCCS dose engine produces doses that are generally within 1.5 Gamma (1%, 1 mm) of original dose engine. For TomoHelical cases we tested, the maximum Gamma we observe is 1.24, the majority cases has maximum Gamma less than 1. For TomoDirect cases, only 4 out of 20 cases have less than 0.001% of their total voxels with Gamma value greater than 1.5. The discrepancy between the ion chamber measurement and the new GPU dose engine is small. For plans with field width of 2.5 cm and 5.0 cm, the discrepancies are within 1% with mean absolute error of 0.41% and 0.54% respectively. For plans with field width of 1.0 cm, the discrepancy is still within the passing criterion of 3%. All the cases passed the criterion for film measurement (3%, 3 mm for 95% of pixels) as well.ConclusionsWe performed extensive verification and validation work on ultrafast GPU-based TomoTherapy dose engine. The new engine is able to perform much faster dose calculation with a single PC. The new engine will make a lot of time sensitive applications such as on-line ART and real- time optimization feasible. Purpose/Objective(s)Dose calculation is essential in radiation therapy treatment planning. TomoTherapy uses accurate Collapsed Cone Convolution/superposition (CCCS) algorithm as its dose calculation engine. As the CCCS calculation is computationally demanding, computer cluster with 28 cpu cores or 56 cpu cores is provided for the optimization and dose calculation. The recent generation of graphic processing units (GPUs) possesses great computing power due to its massively parallel architecture. We have developed an ultrafast GPU-based Tomotherapy® dose calculation engine capable of performing near real-time dose calculation with a single PC. There are many innovations on the algorithm to make it adapt to the unique architecture of the GPU. This study shows the extensive verification and validation work performed for this new TomoTherapy dose calculation engine. Dose calculation is essential in radiation therapy treatment planning. TomoTherapy uses accurate Collapsed Cone Convolution/superposition (CCCS) algorithm as its dose calculation engine. As the CCCS calculation is computationally demanding, computer cluster with 28 cpu cores or 56 cpu cores is provided for the optimization and dose calculation. The recent generation of graphic processing units (GPUs) possesses great computing power due to its massively parallel architecture. We have developed an ultrafast GPU-based Tomotherapy® dose calculation engine capable of performing near real-time dose calculation with a single PC. There are many innovations on the algorithm to make it adapt to the unique architecture of the GPU. This study shows the extensive verification and validation work performed for this new TomoTherapy dose calculation engine. Materials/MethodsTwenty TomoDirect, 12 TomoHelical, and a few other special plans (including StatRT, 3DCRT, etc.) was planned and delivered on the Tomo Cheese phantom. For each delivery, a Kodak EDR2 film is used to record the 2D dose distribution and 2 Extradin A1SL ion chambers are used to measure point dose at 2 locations. The GPU dose engine runs on a single NVIDIA GTX295 card and the original commercial version runs on a CPU cluster with 56 cores cluster. The dose calculated with the GPU dose engine is compared to the ion chamber and film measurements as well as to that calculated with the original Tomotherapy® dose calculation engine. Twenty TomoDirect, 12 TomoHelical, and a few other special plans (including StatRT, 3DCRT, etc.) was planned and delivered on the Tomo Cheese phantom. For each delivery, a Kodak EDR2 film is used to record the 2D dose distribution and 2 Extradin A1SL ion chambers are used to measure point dose at 2 locations. The GPU dose engine runs on a single NVIDIA GTX295 card and the original commercial version runs on a CPU cluster with 56 cores cluster. The dose calculated with the GPU dose engine is compared to the ion chamber and film measurements as well as to that calculated with the original Tomotherapy® dose calculation engine. ResultsThe GPU algorithm on one GTX295 is 8-16 times faster than original dose engine running on a blade cluster with 56 cpu cores (2.33GHz Xeon5148). This translates to a speedup of 400-800 over a single Xeon5148 core. The new GPU-based CCCS dose engine produces doses that are generally within 1.5 Gamma (1%, 1 mm) of original dose engine. For TomoHelical cases we tested, the maximum Gamma we observe is 1.24, the majority cases has maximum Gamma less than 1. For TomoDirect cases, only 4 out of 20 cases have less than 0.001% of their total voxels with Gamma value greater than 1.5. The discrepancy between the ion chamber measurement and the new GPU dose engine is small. For plans with field width of 2.5 cm and 5.0 cm, the discrepancies are within 1% with mean absolute error of 0.41% and 0.54% respectively. For plans with field width of 1.0 cm, the discrepancy is still within the passing criterion of 3%. All the cases passed the criterion for film measurement (3%, 3 mm for 95% of pixels) as well. The GPU algorithm on one GTX295 is 8-16 times faster than original dose engine running on a blade cluster with 56 cpu cores (2.33GHz Xeon5148). This translates to a speedup of 400-800 over a single Xeon5148 core. The new GPU-based CCCS dose engine produces doses that are generally within 1.5 Gamma (1%, 1 mm) of original dose engine. For TomoHelical cases we tested, the maximum Gamma we observe is 1.24, the majority cases has maximum Gamma less than 1. For TomoDirect cases, only 4 out of 20 cases have less than 0.001% of their total voxels with Gamma value greater than 1.5. The discrepancy between the ion chamber measurement and the new GPU dose engine is small. For plans with field width of 2.5 cm and 5.0 cm, the discrepancies are within 1% with mean absolute error of 0.41% and 0.54% respectively. For plans with field width of 1.0 cm, the discrepancy is still within the passing criterion of 3%. All the cases passed the criterion for film measurement (3%, 3 mm for 95% of pixels) as well. ConclusionsWe performed extensive verification and validation work on ultrafast GPU-based TomoTherapy dose engine. The new engine is able to perform much faster dose calculation with a single PC. The new engine will make a lot of time sensitive applications such as on-line ART and real- time optimization feasible. We performed extensive verification and validation work on ultrafast GPU-based TomoTherapy dose engine. The new engine is able to perform much faster dose calculation with a single PC. The new engine will make a lot of time sensitive applications such as on-line ART and real- time optimization feasible." @default.
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• W2136075422 date "2010-11-01" @default.
• W2136075422 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W2136075422 title "Verification and Validation of GPU-based TomoTherapy Dose Calculation Engine" @default.
• W2136075422 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.1697" @default.
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