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• W2137374492 abstract "If the above figures are to be believed, and the apparent costs of addressing desertification are so low in relation to benefits, it must be asked why desertification remains such an intractable problem, about which many observers express considerable scepticism. The answer to this paradox lies in disagreement about the definition of ‘desertification’ and its causes, and about appropriate methods with which to combat the problem. Over the past twenty years there have been many definitions of desertification. That proposed in 1991 by UNEP takes it to be: ‘land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting mainly from adverse human impact.’ This definition incorporates a number of processes leading to the physical impoverishment of soils and vegetation, where the primary cause is human activity. Examples of such degradation include where loss of vegetation bares the earth and accelerates soil erosion, and where soils lose fertility through continuous cropping without replenishment of nutrients. The climatic regime within dryland areas may aggravate such risks of degradation, as when drought causes a reduction in vegetative cover and increased exposure to erosion by rainfall. Similarly, dryland regions tend to experience very intense storms at the start of the rainy season, when much land is denuded of plant cover, hence making it more susceptible to gulley and sheet erosion. During preparations for the Earth Summit at Rio, held in June 1992, the definition of desertification was further disputed and an amended formulation developed for inclusion in Agenda 21. This new definition takes it to be: ‘land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from climatic variations and human activities.’ The main difference between the above two definitions lies in the latter's explicit inclusion of climate as a major cause. There are several implications of accepting the latter definition. First, it reduces the emphasis in the first definition on human activities as being primarily responsible. Secondly, it opens up the possibility of countries suffering from desertification being able to claim that responsibility lies also with those countries which have provoked climatic change at the global level, that is, those of the industrialized world. Accepting such a causality could lead to claims for compensation to be paid to those suffering desertification. Definitions and Politics In the past few years many observers have argued that it would be wise to abandon the term ‘desertification’, and to use ‘dryland degradation’ in its place. 2 This view is based on the perception that the former term has been used to cover too many different processes, with differing origins and causes, and hence differing solutions. The root of the word, with its origins in ‘desert’, creates a strong association with the concept of an advancing desert. The general public and many policy-makers continue to believe that the desert is advancing in many parts of the world, engulfing more fertile neighbouring areas in a tidal wave of sand. In some areas mobile sand dunes threaten to spread over important infrastructural investments, such as roads. However, recent research has laid to rest the idea of a general process of desert advance amongst professionals working in this field, 3 but the image remains strongly embedded in the rhetoric used by politicians and journalists." @default.
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• W2137374492 title "Combating Desertification: Encouraging Local Action Within a Global Framework" @default.
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