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- W2137842007 abstract "This editorial refers to ‘Systemic inflammatory response syndrome predicts increased mortality in patients after transcatheter aortic valve implantation’, by J.-M. Sinning et al. , doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs002 The immune response induced by non-infectious agents is called systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), while an infection-induced systemic immune response is called sepsis. The host inflammatory response in SIRS and in sepsis is similar and may lead to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), which may progress to multiple organ failure syndrome (MOFS) and ultimately to death ( Figure 1 ). Anything causing tissue stress or damage is recognized as a danger by the immune system. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), being exogenous molecules derived from microorganisms, can activate immune cells. Besides PAMPs, endogenous alarmins can also activate immune-competent cells. Alarmins are molecules released by stressed or damaged tissues and include DNA, RNA, adenosine, heat shock proteins, and urate crystals. PAMPs and alarmins are inducers recognized by pattern recognition receptors which are present both on the surface (Toll-like receptors) and in the cytosol (NOD-like receptors) of immune cells. The activation of pattern recognition receptors triggers the production of inflammatory mediators and effectors which may alter the function of tissues and organs.1 Mediators and effectors of systemic inflammation include cytokines and chemokines, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, plasma cascades (complement system, coagulation system, fibrinolytic system, and kallicrein–kinin system), and acute phase proteins. Of note, activation of immune cells can also unleash an anti-inflammatory response characterized by the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines and activation of the neuroendocrine system. This anti-inflammatory response can eventually become prevalent, leading to the compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome (CARS), characterized by immune anergy, associated with a high risk of severe infections and death.1 Importantly, the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and peripheral nervous system as well as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, and the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid axis are involved …" @default.
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- W2137842007 date "2012-02-23" @default.
- W2137842007 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
- W2137842007 title "Innate immune inflammatory response to danger: when, how, and why does a friend become a foe?" @default.
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- W2137842007 doi "https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehs033" @default.
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