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- W2141567676 abstract "Optical direct detection usually operates far above the quantum limit, due to the high thermal noise level of PIN photodiodes. For signal energy at the quantum level, the thermal effects in photon counters are also a strong limitation. The optical amplification or the heterodyne detection of the 2 quadratures of the field, widely used in high bit rate and long haul optical systems, overcome this limitation at the expense of a minimum 3db noise figure. By allowing a noise free mixing gain, as well as single quadrature measurements, the balanced homodyne receiver is allowed to reach quantum noise limited operation." @default.
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- W2141567676 date "2011-04-13" @default.
- W2141567676 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
- W2141567676 title "Minimum energy per bit in high bit rate optical communications and quantum communications" @default.
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- W2141567676 doi "https://doi.org/10.1117/12.884781" @default.
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