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• W2144342690 abstract "To the Editor: Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a relatively rare cause of heart failure and is defined as heart failure occurring during the last month of pregnancy or during the first 5 postpartum months.1Demakis JG Rahimtoola SH Sutton GC et al.Natural course of peripartum cardiomyopathy.Circulation. 1971; 44: 1053-1061Crossref PubMed Scopus (421) Google Scholar Although the condition is rare, the incidence of thrombus formation and subsequent embolic events appears to be higher in these women than in the usual heart failure population. However, to our knowledge no report has described embolization to a coronary artery in patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy. Report of a Case.—A 35-year-old African American woman, gravida 1, para 1, had an uncomplicated vaginal delivery at 38 weeks' gestation after an uneventful pregnancy. She had no contributory medical history, nor was she taking any medications. Her hospitalization was prolonged by 3 days because of dyspnea that was believed to be due to pneumonia. Three weeks after delivery, she presented with a new complaint of substernal chest pain and exertional dyspnea of 48 hours' duration. An electrocardiogram revealed anterior STwave elevation consistent with an acute anterior myocardial infarction (Figure 1). Her creatine kinase level and CK-MB fraction peaked at 1257 U/L and 160 ng/mL, respectively, with a troponin T level of 170 ng/mL. An echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction of less than 15%, diffuse hypokinesis with anterior akinesis, mild mitral and tricuspid regurgitation, and a left ventricular thrombus. Coronary angiography showed 100% occlusion of the mid left anterior descending artery with a clot; the other coronary arteries appeared normal (Figure 2). Because of hypotension and clinical deterioration, the patient initially required an intra-aortic balloon pump and inotropic therapy. With aggressive diuresis and medical management, her condition improved rapidly. Anticoagulation with heparin was begun followed by conversion to oral anticoagulation prior to discharge. A follow-up echocardiogram 7 days after her primary event showed an improved ejection fraction at 20% with global hypokinesis. At the time of discharge, the physical examination revealed blood pressure of 90/60 mm Hg, heart rate of 60 beats/min, S3 on cardiac examination, no paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or orthopnea, but persistent exertional dyspnea.Figure 2Coronary angiogram showing occluded left anterior descending artery (arrow) and distal flow consistent with embolus.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload (PPT) Comment.—Peripartum cardiomyopathy is defined as the manifestation of heart failure in the last month of pregnancy or within 5 months of delivery in the absence of any other etiology or prior heart disease.1Demakis JG Rahimtoola SH Sutton GC et al.Natural course of peripartum cardiomyopathy.Circulation. 1971; 44: 1053-1061Crossref PubMed Scopus (421) Google Scholar Its estimated incidence ranges between 1:1300 and 1:15,000 live births in Western countries, and risk factors include African descent, advanced maternal age, multiparity, twinning, and long-term tocolysis.2Lampert MB Lang RM Peripartum cardiomyopathy.Am Heart J. 1995; 130: 860-870Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (208) Google Scholar The cause is currently unknown although some evidence suggests that it is a type of myocarditis arising from an infectious, autoimmune, or idiopathic process.3Midei MG DeMent SH Feldman AM Hutchins GM Baughman KL Peripartum myocarditis and cardiomyopathy.Circulation. 1990; 81: 922-928Crossref PubMed Scopus (236) Google Scholar, 4Herskowitz A Campbell S Deckers J et al.Demographic features and prevalence of idiopathic myocarditis in patients undergoing endomyocardial biopsy.Am J Cardiol. 1993; 71: 982-986Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar Mortality has been historically as high as 25% to 50%, with thromboembolic events being a well-recognized complication.5Homans DC Peripartum cardiomyopathy.N Engl J Med. 1985; 312: 1432-1437Crossref PubMed Scopus (192) Google Scholar The diffuse hypokinesis in addition to anterior akinesis on the initial echocardiogram strongly invoked a generalized process such as peripartum cardiomyopathy in our patient. We believe her initial symptoms were in the peripartum period when she complained of dyspnea that was diagnosed as pneumonia. It was only when she subsequently developed a thrombus that embolized to her left anterior descending artery that she had overt symptoms requiring hospitalization. Throm- boembolism has been reported with an incidence of 4% to 30% in peripartum cardiomyopathy, especially in the era before anticoagulation.5Homans DC Peripartum cardiomyopathy.N Engl J Med. 1985; 312: 1432-1437Crossref PubMed Scopus (192) Google Scholar The etiology is unclear, but the disorder may occur as a result of the hypercoagulable state during pregnancy (reduction in fibrinolytic activity) or due to stasis and turbulent flow in the dilated heart.2Lampert MB Lang RM Peripartum cardiomyopathy.Am Heart J. 1995; 130: 860-870Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (208) Google Scholar Cases of pulmonary and systemic emboli have been described,1Demakis JG Rahimtoola SH Sutton GC et al.Natural course of peripartum cardiomyopathy.Circulation. 1971; 44: 1053-1061Crossref PubMed Scopus (421) Google Scholar6Walsh JJ Burch GE Black WC Ferrans VJ Hibbs RG Idiopathic myocardiopathy of the puerperium (postpartal heart disease).Circulation. 1965; 32: 19-31Crossref PubMed Scopus (86) Google Scholar7Gouley BA McMillan TM Bellet S Idiopathic myocardial degeneration associated with pregnancy and especially the puerperium.Am J Med Sci. 1937; 194: 185-199Crossref Google Scholar with or without documented deep venous thrombosis, right or left atrial thrombus, or left ventricular mural thrombi. To our knowledge, this is the first report of embolic myocardial infarction due to peripartum cardiomyopathy and an associated left ventricular thrombus. Demakis et al1Demakis JG Rahimtoola SH Sutton GC et al.Natural course of peripartum cardiomyopathy.Circulation. 1971; 44: 1053-1061Crossref PubMed Scopus (421) Google Scholar described a 43-year-old woman with Q waves in leads V1 to V3 but no other clinical or biochemical evidence of myocardial infarction who was asymptomatic at 5-year follow-up. This manifestation of peripartum cardiomyopathy with cardiogenic shock due to embolic myocardial infarction stresses the need for efficient anticoagulation and proposes occult cardiomyopathy as a possible cause of myocardial infarction during the peripartum period. The Editor welcomes letters and comments, particularly pertaining to recently published articles in Mayo Clinic Proceedings, as well as letters reporting original observations and research. Letters pertaining to a recently published Proceedings article should be received no later than 1 month after the article's publication. A letter should be no longer than 500 words, contain no more than 5 references and 1 table or figure, be signed by no more than 3 authors, be in double-spaced, typewritten format, and not be published or submitted elsewhere. The letter must be signed and include the correspondent's full address, telephone and fax numbers, and email address (if available). It is assumed that appropriate letters will be published, at the Editor's discretion, unless the writer indicates otherwise. The Editor reserves the right to edit letters in accordance with Proceedings style and to abridge them if necessary. Letters may be submitted by surface mail to Letters to the Editor, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Room 770 Siebens Building, Rochester, MN 55905; by fax to (507) 284-0252; or by e-mail to [email protected] (Note: Authors who submit letters by fax or e-mail must also send a copy by surface mail.) The Editor welcomes letters and comments, particularly pertaining to recently published articles in Mayo Clinic Proceedings, as well as letters reporting original observations and research. Letters pertaining to a recently published Proceedings article should be received no later than 1 month after the article's publication. A letter should be no longer than 500 words, contain no more than 5 references and 1 table or figure, be signed by no more than 3 authors, be in double-spaced, typewritten format, and not be published or submitted elsewhere. The letter must be signed and include the correspondent's full address, telephone and fax numbers, and email address (if available). It is assumed that appropriate letters will be published, at the Editor's discretion, unless the writer indicates otherwise. The Editor reserves the right to edit letters in accordance with Proceedings style and to abridge them if necessary. Letters may be submitted by surface mail to Letters to the Editor, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Room 770 Siebens Building, Rochester, MN 55905; by fax to (507) 284-0252; or by e-mail to [email protected] (Note: Authors who submit letters by fax or e-mail must also send a copy by surface mail.)" @default.
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• W2144342690 title "Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Presenting as an Acute Myocardial Infarction" @default.
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