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• W2144722010 abstract "Twenty-four patients were recruited and given either sevoflurane or desflurane as their sole anaesthetic. Each patient was given sequentially increasing or decreasing doses at 0.5 MAC intervals, and the median nerve somatosensory evoked response recorded after an equilibration at each concentration. The N20-P25 and P25-N35 amplitudes decreased with increasing agent concentration. However, for both agents the P15-N20 amplitude response was quadratic in shape. The peak inflection points were at 3.2% for sevoflurane and 4.9% for desflurane. There were no differences between the ascending and descending groups. This increase in activity in the midbrain at ‘surgical’ end-tidal anaesthetic concentrations suggests more complex neuroelectrical responses to anaesthesia than simple global suppression. Twenty-four patients were recruited and given either sevoflurane or desflurane as their sole anaesthetic. Each patient was given sequentially increasing or decreasing doses at 0.5 MAC intervals, and the median nerve somatosensory evoked response recorded after an equilibration at each concentration. The N20-P25 and P25-N35 amplitudes decreased with increasing agent concentration. However, for both agents the P15-N20 amplitude response was quadratic in shape. The peak inflection points were at 3.2% for sevoflurane and 4.9% for desflurane. There were no differences between the ascending and descending groups. This increase in activity in the midbrain at ‘surgical’ end-tidal anaesthetic concentrations suggests more complex neuroelectrical responses to anaesthesia than simple global suppression. The somatosensory evoked response (SER) is a stimulus related potential of the central nervous system derived from the electroencephalograph (EEG). It is routinely used in spinal and head and neck surgery to assess perioperatively the functional integrity of ascending pathways during surgery (see Fig. 1). Increasing suppression of cortical SER as indicated by decreasing wave amplitude and increasing latency with increasing anaesthesia is widely reported during anaesthesia with volatile anaesthetics, barbiturates, benzodiazepines and opioids.1Koht A Schutz W Schmidt G Schramm J Watanabe E Effects of etomidate, midazolam, and thiopental on median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials and the additive effects of fentanyl and nitrous oxide.Anesth Analg. 1998; 67: 435-441Google Scholar, 2Sebel PS Withington PS Rutherfoord CF Markam K The effect of tracheal intubation and surgical stimulation on median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials during anaesthesia.Anaesthesia. 1998; 43: 857-860Crossref Scopus (5) Google Scholar, 3Peterson DO Drummond MD Todd MM Effects of halothane, isoflurane and nitrous oxide on somatosensory evoked potentials in humans.Anesthesiology. 1986; 65: 35-40Crossref PubMed Scopus (139) Google Scholar, 4Porkkala T Kaukinen S Hakkinen V Jantti V Median nerve somatosensory evoked potentials during isoflurane anaesthesia.Can J Anaesth. 1997; 44: 963-968Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar, 5Schindler E Muller M Zickmann B Osmer C Wozniak G Hempelmann G Modulation of somatosensory evoked potentials under various concentrations of desflurane with and without nitrous oxide.J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 1998; 10: 218-223Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar This effect has also been noted in subcortical waves but these waves are said to be more resistant to anaesthetic suppression.6Thornton C Sharpe RM Evoked responses in anaesthesia.Br J Anaesth. 1998; 81: 771-781Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (147) Google Scholar We studied the effects of different concentrations of desflurane and sevoflurane on early SER waves. The amplitudes P15-N20, N20-P25, and P25-N35 were studied. These amplitudes are thought to represent activity in the pontothalamic, thalamic and thalamic/primary sensory cortex portions of the pathway, respectively,7Desmedt JE Cheron G Central somatosensory conduction in man: neural generators and interpeak latencies of the far-field components recorded from neck and right or left scalp and earlobes.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1980; 50: 382-403Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (409) Google Scholar, 8Kritchevsky M Wiederholt WC Somatosensory evoked potentials.Arch Neurol. 1978; 35: 706-711Crossref PubMed Scopus (135) Google Scholar, 9Hume A Cant BR Conduction time in central somatosensory pathways in man.Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol. 1978; 45: 361-375Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (224) Google Scholar although the exact site of the generators is a subject for ongoing debate in the EEG literature. Our patients were not undergoing surgery during data acquisition and were ventilated using a laryngeal mask airway (LMA™) to minimize external stimuli. After local ethics committee approval 24 patients gave written, informed consent and were recruited to the study. All were ASA I and II and attending our hospital for elective surgery. No premedication was used. On arrival in the anaesthetic room full non-invasive monitoring was applied and intravenous (i.v.) access obtained. Inhalational induction of anaesthesia was performed with either sevoflurane or desflurane. Once the subjects were anaesthetized muscle relaxation was obtained with vecuronium 0.1 mg kg−1 and a LMA of appropriate size sited. Patients were then ventilated to normocapnia using oxygen and the relevant agent only. End-tidal carbon dioxide and volatile agent were measured continuously with a calibrated Datex™ Capnomac Ultima™ monitor (Datex, Helsinki, Finland). Patients were randomized to receive five sequential concentrations of sevoflurane or desflurane. To correct for possible time trends and to ensure adequate equilibration at each anaesthetic level patients were also randomized to receive the agent in an ascending or descending order. The levels were set at approximately 0.5 MAC intervals, and each end-tidal concentration was maintained for at least 10 min to allow equilibration prior to data collection. At the end of data collection the patients were transferred to the operating theatre and the operation started. The median nerve was stimulated at the wrist with an electrical pulse delivered at a rate of 2.2 s−1 and at an intensity adjusted to just above the motor threshold (11–13 mA). The SER was derived from the electroencephalogram, and recorded using silver/silver chloride electrodes attached at Fz and C3. SER data were collected over the last 2.6 min of each agent concentration period (356 EEG sweeps) on a system developed in our unit.10Jordan C Weller C Thornton C Newton DEF Monitoring evoked potentials during surgery to assess the level of anaesthesia.J Med Eng Technol. 1995; 19: 77-79Crossref PubMed Scopus (37) Google Scholar These were averaged and analysed offline. The amplitudes P15-N20, N20-P25 and P25-N35 were measured at each anaesthetic concentration. Patient subgroups were similar in terms of age, sex and weight (see Table 1).Table 1Subject characteristics by subgroupings. Data for age and weight is presented as mean (range)Sevoflurane subjectsDesflurane subjectsAscendingDescendingAscendingDescendingSex (M:F)4:24:24:23:3Age (yr, range)42 (21–64)43 (27–58)37 (20–50)41 (35–56)Weight (kg)65 (51–92)68 (59–87)62 (55–83)71 (62–95) Open table in a new tab The SER amplitudes were plotted against end-tidal agent concentration for sevoflurane and desflurane, and are shown in Figs 2 and 3. The data from the ascending and descending subgroups for each agent were compared using a two sample t-test to assess for differences, and in each case were not significantly different (sevoflurane P=0.37; desflurane P=0.98).Fig 3Subject curves showing end tidal desflurane concentration against the potential difference for the SER amplitudes P15-N20, N20-P25 and P25-N32.View Large Image Figure ViewerDownload Hi-res image Download (PPT) For both agents a dose related decrease in amplitude with increasing anaesthetic end-tidal concentration was seen in the N20-P25 and P25-N35 amplitudes. The P15-N20 amplitude for both agents increased with increasing agent concentration before falling – a quadratic curve. Quadratic regression curves fitted each patient data-set significantly better than a straight line (P<0.001 in both cases). The inflexion point for these curves were at 3.2% (95% confidence intervals 2.9–3.4%) for sevoflurane, and 4.9% (95% confidence intervals 3.1–6.8%) for desflurane. The evoked potentials for one patient in the sevoflurane group are shown (see Fig. 4; only four of the five concentration curves are shown for clarity). The mean inflexion points were compared for the two agents in terms of MAC, using 1 MAC=sevoflurane 2%=desflurane 6%. There was a significant difference between the two agents (inflexion point for sevoflurane 1.5 MAC, desflurane 0.8 MAC, P<0.01). Increasing concentrations of anaesthetic agent, both inhaled and i.v., are widely recognized to cause suppression of central nervous system electrical activity as measured by the EEG and EEG derived variables (e.g. evoked responses and the Bispectral Index).6Thornton C Sharpe RM Evoked responses in anaesthesia.Br J Anaesth. 1998; 81: 771-781Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (147) Google Scholar 11Thornton C Evoked potentials in anaesthesia.Eur J Anaesthesiol. 1991; 8: 89-107PubMed Google Scholar 12Dinkel M Romstock J Neurophysiological monitoring during anaesthesia.Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 1997; 10: 467-475Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar Subcortical evoked response amplitudes are known to be relatively resistant to the effects of anaesthesia. This is one of the reasons that later, cortical mid latency evoked response amplitudes are commonly used for depth of anaesthesia assessment. Increases in P15-N20 amplitude after bolus doses of etomidate have been reported,13McPherson RW Sell B Traystman RJ Effects of thiopental, fentanyl, and etomidate on upper extremity somatosensory evoked potentials in humans.Anesthesiology. 1986; 65: 584-589Crossref PubMed Scopus (91) Google Scholar, 14McPherson RW Levitt R Effect of time and dose on scalp-recorded somatosensory evoked potential wave augmentation by etomidate.J Neurosurg Anesth. 1989; 1: 16-21Crossref PubMed Scopus (8) Google Scholar, 15Sloan TB Ronai AK Toleikis JR Koht A Improvement of intraoperative somatosensory evoked potentials by etomidate.Anesth Analg. 1988; 67: 582-585Crossref PubMed Scopus (58) Google Scholar during surgery with non standardized and varied doses of anaesthetic agents. This may represent the same phenomenon but the presence of other agents and variable surgical stimuli may be confounding. The technique was recommended to augment SER signals during surgery. Jantti and colleagues also reported an increase in this amplitude during sevoflurane anaesthesia.16Jantti V Sonkajarvi E Mustola S Rytky S Kiiski P Suominen K Single sweep cortical somatosensory evoked potentials: N20 and evoked bursts in sevoflurane anaesthesia.Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol. 1998; 108: 320-324Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (22) Google Scholar They recorded data at burst suppression (1.5–2.5 MAC sevoflurane) rather than at specific anaesthetic end-tidal concentrations and found similar potentiation of this amplitude, but did not report amplitude changes over a range of concentrations in each subject. There are several plausible reasons for this increase. The site of increased activity cannot be localized anatomically from these data, because the amplitude represents the activity attributable to the median nerve stimulus at the stated time after stimulation rather than at a known site in the midbrain. However, it is widely held that the generators of the P15-N20 amplitude are in the pontothalamic area. Increasing electrical activity in the midbrain could be caused by a direct, anaesthetic mediated increase in inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) generation, or a more generalized interruption of intercellular communication. One interesting possibility involves recent in vitro work by Traub, Whittington and others, which shows that anaesthetic and analgesic drugs disrupt gamma frequency oscillations originating in the hippocampus and midbrain.17Whittington MA Traub RD Faulkner HJ Jefferys JGR Chettiar K Morphine disrupts long range synchrony of gamma oscillations in hippocampal slices.Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1998; 95: 5807-5811Crossref PubMed Scopus (66) Google Scholar 18Whittington MA Jefferys JG Traub RD Effects of intravenous anaesthetic agents on fast inhibitory oscillations in the rat hippocampus in vitro.Br J Pharmacol. 1996; 118: 1977-1986Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar These high-frequency signals are thought to represent the co-ordination of sensory input analysis between anatomically discrete areas of the brain. When disrupted, the gamma frequency output increases. This is thought to be due to anaesthetic and analgesic drugs decreasing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptor mediated inhibition of excitatory and inhibitory interneurons.19Traub RD Whittington MA Colling SB Buzsaki G Jefferys JGR Analysis of gamma rhythms in the rat hippocampus in vitro and in vivo.J Physiol. 1996; 493: 471-484Crossref PubMed Scopus (497) Google Scholar This increase in gamma signal could explain the increased electrical activity in the midbrain seen up to the point where direct pathway effects (burst suppression of the EEG) are seen, causing the fall in voltage at higher anaesthetic concentrations. It also may explain the increasing sensory detachment leading to and including the state of anaesthesia. However there is no human in vivo evidence to support or refute this at present. The peak values at the points of inflexion of sevoflurane and desflurane differ significantly when compared using MAC values. These data must be interpreted carefully as the desflurane group peak value is not central in the data points measured. However, MAC is primarily a motor descriptor and the SER relies on a purely sensory pathway. Thus, in the same way as different volatile anaesthetics may have different vasodilator effects at equal MAC concentrations, their effects on neuronal transmission may differ. In conclusion, we have found that the subcortical SER does not respond in a uniform way to increasing anaesthetic concentration. The N20-P25 and P25-N35 amplitudes decrease with increasing anaesthetic concentration, but the P15-N20 wave is potentiated at clinically relevant end tidal sevoflurane and desflurane concentrations. Further work is needed to more closely analyse the anatomical site, if any, of this increased signal." @default.
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• W2144722010 title "Effects of different concentrations of sevoflurane and desflurane on subcortical somatosensory evoked responses in anaesthetized, non-stimulated patients" @default.
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