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• W2145306138 abstract "The period from 1997 to 2011 was highly transformative and turbulent for Thai politics and society. Within one decade, there were five elections (including the nullified 2006 election), six prime ministers, two constitutions, one military coup and countless violent clashes between state security forces and colour-coded mass movements which led to a large number of deaths and injuries. Parliamentary democracy and electoral institutions underwent a dramatic change. Initially, the new Constitution and associated political reforms produced a strong and stable civilian administration and political party structure. Programmatic politics and policy-based campaigning played increasingly important roles in shaping electoral outcomes, even though the particularistic elements of patronage, pork, personality and coercive force still existed. Political party and electoral institutions were, more than ever, strengthened and meaningfully connected to a majority of the electorate. Direct elections at the local level enabled by decentralization helped create stronger linkages between the electorate and elected politicians. However, the military coup in 2006 derailed the legitimacy and development of parliamentary democracy. The traditional royal-military-bureaucratic power alliance, which lost power but was unwilling to participate in electoral competition, employed an old-fashioned, coercive tool--the coup --to capture state power and overthrow the popularly elected government. The 2006 coup profoundly transformed Thai politics--it polarized the country, exacerbated political divisions and radicalized political participation. As a result, electoral competition was infused with ideological contestation, rather than only particularistic (using vote buying, pork barrel or intimidation) or programmatic (focusing on policy-based) campaigns. The changing rules, landscape and power structure of Thai politics at the national level strongly affected local political settings--the balance of power between political groups and families, and between national parties and local bosses. In addition, the political changes at the local level, structured by national dynamics, shaped the supply and demand of coercion and electoral violence witnessed during this period. This article demonstrates how major structural and institutional changes that came into effect after 1997--such as the new Constitution, electoral and party system, civil-military relations and political party-social movement linkages--have generated and caused fluctuations in the level and kind of electoral violence in Thailand. The rise of a strong party led by telecoms tycoon Thaksin Shinawatra in the shadow of these post-1997 structural changes transformed Thailand's national and local political structures and power balances. Thaksin's ambitious goal of monopolizing political power raised the stakes of electoral competition, forcing provincial boss-type politicians to employ violent tactics to defeat their opponents. As a result, the level of electoral violence increased, as witnessed during the 2001 and 2005 elections. After the 2006 military coup, the political landscape at the national and local levels underwent another major change. The royal-military intervention in the electoral process and turbulent street politics marginalized provincial bosses and overshadowed local political struggles, which resulted in declining levels of violence during the 2007 and 2011 elections (see Table 1). To understand the peaks and troughs of violence from 2001 to 2011, it is necessary to examine political and institutional changes at the national level and how these affected local power structures. Three national-level factors contributed to transform Thai politics and patterns of electoral violence from 1997 to 2011: the 1997 Constitution and its newly designed electoral system; the political ascent of Thaksin Shinawatra and his strong populist party Thai Rak Thai (TRT); and the 2006 military coup. …" @default.
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• W2145306138 date "2014-12-01" @default.
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• W2145306138 title "The Rise and Fall of Electoral Violence in Thailand: Changing Rules, Structures and Power Landscapes, 1997–2011" @default.
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