FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W2146753312> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W2146753312 endingPage "347" @default.
• W2146753312 startingPage "346" @default.
• W2146753312 abstract "HomeCirculationVol. 103, No. 3Do Interventions to Reduce Coronary Heart Disease Reduce the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes? A Possible Role for Inflammatory Factors Free AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBAboutView PDFView EPUBSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload citationsTrack citationsPermissions ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InMendeleyRedditDiggEmail Jump toFree AccessEditorialPDF/EPUBDo Interventions to Reduce Coronary Heart Disease Reduce the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes? A Possible Role for Inflammatory Factors Steven M. Haffner Steven M. HaffnerSteven M. Haffner From the Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Epidemiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. Search for more papers by this author Originally published23 Jan 2001https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.103.3.346Circulation. 2001;103:346–347Type 2 diabetes is as a major cause of coronary heart disease (CHD). In some studies, the rate of CHD in type 2 diabetic subjects approaches that observed in some subjects with prevalent CHD.1 Additionally, the case fatality rate of CHD is increased in type 2 diabetics.2 In one Finnish study, 50% of diabetic men who had a first coronary heart event died within a year of their initial presentation; 50% of these fatal cases died before they reached the hospital (“sudden death”). These subjects, by definition, could not benefit from a secondary prevention program.2 Clearly, preventing type 2 diabetes would be important in the reduction of CHD. The Diabetes Prevention Program3 is a large National Institutes of Health–funded trial to prevent diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. The interventions being tested are metformin and intensive lifestyle changes. Recently, the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Program reported a 58% reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes in 523 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (American Diabetes Association, personal communication, June 2000).Approaches to reduce CHD have focused on the benefits of lowering LDL cholesterol with HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)45 and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.6 Recently, it was suggested that ACE inhibitors may prevent diabetes.67 In this issue, Freeman et al8 suggest that, in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS), pravastatin reduced the incidence of diabetes by 30%. What might explain this effect? One possibility, as the investigators suggest, is that because the analysis was done post hoc and the levels of statistical significance were modest (P=0.04), the results are due to chance. Thus, the results should be interpreted with caution. Another possibility is that by reducing the risk of incident CHD, the need for β-blocker use (and perhaps thiazides) was reduced; some previous observational studies have suggested that β-blocker910 and thiazide use may be associated with an increase in the incidence of diabetes. The analyses in WOSCOPS8 and the Heart Outcomes Prevention Study (HOPE) studies should be repeated after stratification by individuals who did and did not have incident CHD; presumably, the protective effect of statins or ACE inhibitors would be stronger in the group that developed CHD if this hypothesis is correct. Because the rate of incident CHD is low, this intriguing possibility is not likely to explain the lower incidence of diabetes in WOSCOPS, which is a primary prevention trial.A direct effect of pravastatin on glucose levels was not present in small studies.11 However, these studies lack statistical power. These authors further propose that pravastatin might reduce the incidence of diabetes by a reduction of triglyceride levels. This is unlikely because the effect of pravastatin on triglyceride levels is modest.4 Furthermore, therapy with gemfibrozil, a potent triglyceride-lowering agent, does not improve insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance in some studies.12 Of course, triglyceride-lowering interventions that act by lowering free fatty acids, as some diabetic agents do, might have different effects on insulin sensitivity and glucose levels.An attractive mechanism to explain the possible effect of pravastatin on the incidence of type 2 diabetes is a reduction of inflammation. Inflammatory factors may be a risk factor for CHD.13 Freeman et al8 show that white blood cell count predicted the incidence of type 2 diabetes in some, but not all, statistical models. Both pravastatin14 and simvastatin15 lower markers of inflammation such as C-reactive protein, so it is likely that there is a “class” effect of statins on inflammatory factors.One link between inflammation and the incidence of type 2 diabetes may be insulin resistance. Festa et al16 recently showed that insulin resistance (measured by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test) was related to C-reactive protein levels in nondiabetic subjects in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Inflammatory factors were related to the incidence of diabetes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, although the relation was no longer significant after adjustment for plasma insulin levels.17 Several mechanisms may explain the relation between insulin resistance and inflammatory factors, such as the hypersecretion of proinflammatory cytokines (ie, interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) from adipose tissue1819 ; these cytokines exert major stimulatory effects on the synthesis of acute phase proteins.1920 The enhanced expression of inflammatory proteins through the counteraction of the physiological effect of insulin on hepatic acute-phase protein synthesis21 as a result of decreased insulin sensitivity may also play a role. The temporal relation between insulin resistance and inflammation is not completely understood; it would be of interest to perform studies examining the effect of insulin-sensitizing agents on markers of inflammation (ie, C-reactive protein). Conversely, one could test the effect of anti-inflammatory agents on insulin resistance.Clearly, a multifactorial approach to the prevention of diabetes is necessary. These interventions are likely to include lipid5 and blood pressure interventions, ACE inhibitors,6 and intensive glycemic control in subjects with clinical diabetes. Because the case fatality rate in diabetic subjects with initial presentation of CHD is high and many subjects die before hospitalization,2 primary prevention of type 2 diabetes will also be an important component of a program to reduce CHD in diabetic subjects. If further studies confirm the observations that ACE inhibitors and statins reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, the perceived benefit of cardiovascular interventions in short-term clinical trials such as WOSCOPS,4 the Simvastatin Scandinavian Survival Study,5 and HOPE6 is likely to be markedly underestimated. The long-term cost-benefit analysis of these interventions may be more positive than previous studies have estimated. This effect is likely to be much more important for primary prevention studies such as WOSCOPS.4The opinions expressed in this editorial are not necessarily those of the editors or of the American Heart Association.FootnotesCorrespondence to Steven M. Haffner, MD, Department of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive–MSC 7873, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900. E-mail [email protected] References 1 Haffner SM, Lehto S, Rönnemaa T, et al. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med.1998; 339:229–234.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar2 Miettinen H, Lehto S, Salomaa VV, et al. Impact of diabetes on mortality after the first myocardial infarction. Diabetes Care.1998; 21:69–75.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar3 The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. The Diabetes Prevention Program: design and methods for clinical trial in the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care.1999; 22:623–634.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar4 Shepard J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. The West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group: prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med.1995; 333:1301–1307.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar5 Pyörälä K, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, et al, for the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) Group. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease: a subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care.1997; 20:614–620.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar6 The Heart Outcome Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med.2000; 342:145–153.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar7 Hannson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L, et al, for the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) Study Group. Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with convention therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomized trial. Lancet.1999; 353:611–616.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar8 Freeman DJ, Norrie J, Sattar N, et al. Pravastatin and the development of diabetes mellitus: evidence for a protective treatment effect in the West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Circulation.2001; 103:357–362.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar9 Mykkänen L, Kuusisto J, Pyörälä K, et al. Increased risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in elderly hypertensive subjects. J Hypertens.1994; 12:1425–1432.MedlineGoogle Scholar10 Gress TW, Nieto FJ, Shahar E, et al. Hypertension and antihypertensive therapy as risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. N Engl J Med.2000; 342:905–912.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar11 Baba T, Kodama T, Yajima Y, et al. Effects of pravastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl co-enzyme A reductase inhibitor, on glucose tolerance in patients with essential hypertension. Diabetes Care.1993; 16:402–404.Google Scholar12 Sane T, Knudsen P, Vuorinen-Markkola H, et al. Decreasing triglyceride by gemfibrozil therapy does not affect the glucoregulatory or antilipolytic effect of insulin in non-diabetic subjects with mild hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism.1995; 44:589–596.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar13 Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, et al. C-reactive proteins and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovascular disease in women. N Engl J Med.2000; 342:836–843.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar14 Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, et al. Long-term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation.1999; 100:230–235.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar15 MacMahon M, Kirkpatrick C, Cummings CE, et al. A pilot study with simvastatin and folic acid/vitamin B12 in preparation for the study of the effectiveness of additional reductions in cholesterol and homocysteine (SEARCH). Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.2000; 10:195–203.MedlineGoogle Scholar16 Festa A, D’Agostino R, Howard G, et al. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome. Circulation.2000; 102:42–47.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar17 Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Sharrett AR, et al, for the ARIC Investigators. Markers of inflammation and prediction of diabetes mellitus in adults (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study): a cohort study. Lancet.1999; 353:1649–1652.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar18 Hotamisligil GS, Arner P, Caro JF, et al. Increased adipose tissue expression of tumour necrosis factor-α in human obesity and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest.1995; 95:2409–2415.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar19 Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, et al. Human subcutaneous adipose tissue secretes interleukin-a6 but not tumour necrosis factor-α in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.1997; 82:4196–4200.MedlineGoogle Scholar20 Kushner I. Regulation of the acute phase response by cytokines. Perspect Biol Med.1993; 36:611–622.CrossrefMedlineGoogle Scholar21 Campos SP, Baumann H. Insulin is a prominent modulator of the cytokine-stimulated expression of acute-phase plasma protein genes. Mol Cell Biol. 1992;1789–1797.Google Scholar Previous Back to top Next FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails January 23, 2001Vol 103, Issue 3Article InformationMetrics Download: 103 Copyright © 2001 by American Heart Associationhttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.103.3.346 Originally publishedJanuary 23, 2001 KeywordsdiabetesstatinsEditorialsC-reactive proteinPDF download Advertisement" @default.
• W2146753312 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2146753312 creator A5066700951 @default.
• W2146753312 date "2001-01-23" @default.
• W2146753312 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2146753312 title "Do Interventions to Reduce Coronary Heart Disease Reduce the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes? A Possible Role for Inflammatory Factors" @default.
• W2146753312 cites W180946569 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W1974033843 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2018715171 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2026202984 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2037520352 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2052747333 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2058610272 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2102979143 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2130585857 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2155598961 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2255062718 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2331274940 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2334899541 @default.
• W2146753312 cites W2598089744 @default.
• W2146753312 doi "https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.103.3.346" @default.
• W2146753312 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11157682" @default.
• W2146753312 hasPublicationYear "2001" @default.
• W2146753312 type Work @default.
• W2146753312 sameAs 2146753312 @default.
• W2146753312 citedByCount "25" @default.
• W2146753312 countsByYear W21467533122013 @default.
• W2146753312 countsByYear W21467533122016 @default.
• W2146753312 countsByYear W21467533122017 @default.
• W2146753312 countsByYear W21467533122018 @default.
• W2146753312 countsByYear W21467533122022 @default.
• W2146753312 countsByYear W21467533122023 @default.
• W2146753312 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W2146753312 hasAuthorship W2146753312A5066700951 @default.
• W2146753312 hasBestOaLocation W21467533121 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C118552586 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C120665830 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C121332964 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C126322002 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C134018914 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C164705383 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C177713679 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C27415008 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C2776914184 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C2777180221 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C2779134260 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C3018906752 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C555293320 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C61511704 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConcept C71924100 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C118552586 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C120665830 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C121332964 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C126322002 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C134018914 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C164705383 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C177713679 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C27415008 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C2776914184 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C2777180221 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C2779134260 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C3018906752 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C555293320 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C61511704 @default.
• W2146753312 hasConceptScore W2146753312C71924100 @default.
• W2146753312 hasIssue "3" @default.
• W2146753312 hasLocation W21467533121 @default.
• W2146753312 hasLocation W21467533122 @default.
• W2146753312 hasOpenAccess W2146753312 @default.
• W2146753312 hasPrimaryLocation W21467533121 @default.
• W2146753312 hasRelatedWork W1968492089 @default.
• W2146753312 hasRelatedWork W2001756313 @default.
• W2146753312 hasRelatedWork W2011373763 @default.
• W2146753312 hasRelatedWork W2092069233 @default.
• W2146753312 hasRelatedWork W2109417731 @default.
• W2146753312 hasRelatedWork W2112172095 @default.
• W2146753312 hasRelatedWork W2121168431 @default.
• W2146753312 hasRelatedWork W2973263109 @default.
• W2146753312 hasRelatedWork W3041563066 @default.
• W2146753312 hasRelatedWork W4308925773 @default.
• W2146753312 hasVolume "103" @default.
• W2146753312 isParatext "false" @default.
• W2146753312 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W2146753312 magId "2146753312" @default.
• W2146753312 workType "article" @default.