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- W2146889245 abstract "Abstract : Adult human subjects pressed a lever to avoid time-out from monetary reinforcement that was associated with a second lever, or to avoid the withdrawal of money that had been received prior to each session. Both schedules were discriminated avoidance. Manipulation of fixed-ratio requirements for avoidance produced progressive deceleration in interresponse times (ITRs) for avoidance which was reversed at extremely high fixed-ratios that were too high for successful avoidance. Nonavoidance produced increased rates of responding on a manipulandum that was concurrently provided to deliver electric shock to a rat, but had no explicit reinforcement contingencies. Rates of shock responding were higher at extreme avoidance criteria. Increased rates of delivering shock were also observed as a function of positive-reinforcement extinction. Effects appeared to be cumulative within and across sessions. Results showed a high degree of intersubject and intersession variability in shock responding. (Author)" @default.
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- W2146889245 title "Avoidance of Time-Out From, and Withdrawal of, Positive Reinforcement in Humans: Reduction in Actual and Potential Reinforcement as a Stimulus for Aggression" @default.
- W2146889245 doi "https://doi.org/10.1037/e594752009-001" @default.
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