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• W2147328008 abstract "Transport, in all its forms, has a significant impact on the environment – particularly air quality. We often hear statements such as “…vehicle emissions account for 70% of the world’s air pollution…”. In many places this is true. Perhaps in some places its even worse, and others not so bad. But how do we know this? How do we assess and evaluate the effects of traffic emissions on air quality? And even more important, how do we judge the benefits or otherwise of trends, policies and legislative interventions? We need a range of tools, some of which can be very complex and difficult to understand. The use of indicators in this application can be helpful – but what indicators do we use and how do we assess the relationships between them? The Ministry for the Environment has developed a wide range of environmental indicators, and recently examined a specific series relating to transport effects on air quality. These include typical transport factors, such as vehicle numbers, and fleet mix, as well as typical air quality indicators such as amb ient concentrations of key pollutants. The paper discuss interactions between these indicators using the Driving Force, Pressure, State, Exposure, Effect, Action (DPSEEA) model and examines how such indicators can be used to inform policy decisions and to improve transport management. Many urban areas in New Zealand experience elevated ambient air pollution from time to time. Elevated pollution levels in Auckland are largely caused by vehicle emissions, particularly around congested roads and intersections. Vehicle emissions are also responsible for the brown haze sometimes seen in the sky above the city. In contrast, high air pollution levels in Christchurch occur when smoke from home heating fires is trapped under inversion layers during calm, cold conditions in winter. Vehicle emissions also contribute the largest proportion of New Zealand’s carbon dioxide to the global problem of climate change. While most forms of transport emit air pollutants in some form, the largest source is private motor vehicles (Wright, 1997; Wright & Kuschel, 1998). In terms of kilometres travelled (and hence total volume of pollution discharged), the private motor vehicle outweighs all other parts of the transport sector put together. To understand how vehicle emissions affect air quality and determine how to reduce emissions to improve it, we need good information about the factors influencing the creation and impact of vehicle emissions. These factors can be used as “indicators” of" @default.
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• W2147328008 date "2003-01-01" @default.
• W2147328008 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2147328008 title "AIR AND TRANSPORT INDICATORS IN NEW ZEALAND" @default.
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• W2147328008 hasPublicationYear "2003" @default.
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