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• W214887013 abstract "Between A.D. 950 and 1250, hunter-gathers using Ocmulgee/Blackshear Cord Marked ceramics occupied the Ocmulgee Big Bend and surrounding river drainages in southcentral Georgia. Ashley (2002) suggests these groups acted as in a trade network between St. Johns II people on the coast and agricultural groups in the interior. This model is tested using isotopic and dental data based on individuals from two Cord Marked sites, Cannon (9CP52) and Telfair Mound (9TF2). Results do not suggest the Ocmulgee/Blackshear Cord Marked groups were acting as middlemen in a trade network between the interior and coast. Rather, the data indirectly, support Ashley's alternative model, which suggests the Ocmulgee groups allowed the St. Johns II groups to travel through the river valleys to trade with the interior groups (Ashley 2002). The Ocmulgee/Blackshear groups are characterized by artifact assemblages with a high percentage of cordmarked pottery and small triangular projectile points. Cord-marked ceramics are common at Late Woodland sites in the southeastern United States but dominate the ceramic assemblage at Ocmuglee/Backshear sites. These groups occupied the Ocmulgee Big Bend region and the neighboring section of the Flint River drainage from about A.D. 950 to 1250 (Stephenson and Snow 2004). Their artifact assemblages show a high degree of cultural continuity over this time span. Contemporaneous Late Woodland groups began to adopt a Mississippian way of life with reliance on maize agriculture, while the Ocmulgee/Blackshear people seem to have maintained their traditional hunting and gathering lifestyle. Despite such conservatism, the Ocmulgee/Blackshear groups were not socially isolated as they participated in wider interaction spheres with neighboring groups. Interaction is suggested by the presence of marine shell in burials at cord-marked sites (Schnell 1975) and by the presence of Ocmulgee Cord Marked pottery at St. Johns II sites along the Georgia and Florida coastline (Ashley 2002). Neutron activation analysis of Ocmulgee sherds from St Johns II sites shows this pottery was produced both locally and in the Ocmulgee Big Bend region (Neff and Glascock 2001, 2002). Ashley (2002) interprets the production of Ocmulgee wares along the coast as evidence for alliance building, possibly involving mate exchange, between Ocmulgee and St. Johns II groups. Ashley (2002) outlines two models to explain the social relations between Ocmulgee groups and their neighbors. In the first model, Ocmulgee groups of south-central Georgia allow the St. Johns II groups to pass through their river valleys with interaction between the groups, perhaps exchanging shell and /or other coastal resources with Mississippian agriculturalists from the Macon Plateau. In the second model, the Ocmulgee groups act as middlemen in an exchange of marine shell between St. Johns II groups and agricultural groups in the interior (Ashley 2002:167). This middleman scenario suggests Ocmulgee groups were riverine hunter-gatherers who facilitated trade between the coastal St. Johns II groups and Mississippian agriculturalists further inland. Ashley (2002) believes these Ocmulgee groups may have received maize or other foodstuffs from the Mississippians and dried fish and /or shellfish from the coastal groups. This model is supported by historic and ethnographic accounts of hunter-gatherers who engage in mutualistic exchange with agricultural neighbors, often for starchy agricultural foods (see Bailey et al. 1986; Gregg 1988; Morrison and Junker 2002; Speilmann 1991; or Speilmann and Ender 1994 for a review). In 2003, Price and Tucker suggested that Blackshear groups engaged in similar exchange. The presence of marine shell in Blackshear burials coupled with dental data that indicated the consumption of starchy food seems to support the assertion that the Blackshear groups were trading shell for maize (Price and Tucker 2003). Bioarchaeological research has become an increasingly important and integrated method of inquiry in archaeology. …" @default.
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• W214887013 date "2007-07-01" @default.
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• W214887013 title "The Ocmulgee/blackshear People and the Middleman Hypothesis: An Isotopic Evaluation" @default.
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