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• W2148979040 abstract "Members of the genus Bacillus are widely used as sources of industrial enzymes, fine biochemicals, antibiotics, and insecticides (for a review, see reference 27). One of these species, Bacillus thuringiensis, accounts for more than 90% of the biopesticides used today (for recent reviews on B. thuringiensis and its toxins, see references 6, 33, and 38). The entomopathogenic properties of this bacterium are due at least in part to the production of d-endotoxins that make up the crystalline inclusions characteristic of B. thuringiensis strains. In 1989, Hofte and Whiteley proposed a classification for d-endotoxins (30). They distinguished four major classes of d-endotoxins (CryI, -II, -III and -IV) and cytolysins (Cyt), found in the crystals of the mosquitocidal strains, on the basis of their insecticidal and molecular properties. The d-endotoxins belonging to each of these classes were grouped in subclasses (A, B, C. . . and a, b, c. . .) according to sequence. Generally, these proteins are toxic for lepidoptera (CryI), both lepidoptera and diptera (CryII), coleoptera (CryIII), and diptera (CryIV). These various insecticidal proteins are synthesized during the stationary phase and accumulate in the mother cell as a crystal inclusion which can account for up to 25% of the dry weight of the sporulated cells (Fig. 1). The amount of crystal protein produced by a B. thuringiensis culture in laboratory conditions (about 0.5 mg of protein per ml) and the size of the crystals (24) indicate that each cell has to synthesize 10 to 2 3 10 d-endotoxin molecules during the stationary phase to form a crystal. This is a massive production of protein and presumably occupies a large proportion of the cell machinery. Nevertheless, sporulation and the associated physiological changes proceed in parallel with d-endotoxin production. The aim of this minireview is to analyze the various mechanisms by which B. thuringiensis accumulates large quantities of toxins as biologically active protein crystals." @default.
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• W2148979040 date "1995-11-01" @default.
• W2148979040 modified "2023-10-01" @default.
• W2148979040 title "How does Bacillus thuringiensis produce so much insecticidal crystal protein?" @default.
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• W2148979040 doi "https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.177.21.6027-6032.1995" @default.
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