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• W2149245442 abstract "ONITORING SYSTEMS AND ECONOMIC thresholds can be used to determine the necessity for and timing of measures to control herbivorous arthropods which attack agricultural crops, particularly high-value ones such as apples. The data obtained from these monitoring systems, however, have far wider applications than just determining whether or not control measures are required. They can be used to decide the pest status of herbivorous arthropods, whether or not sporadic pests require attention during a particular season, to refine the timing of actions against perennial pests and to deter- mine the effectiveness of measures applied to control chronic pests. Optimum use of monitoring data can help local exporters to supply unblemished fruit with the minimum use of insecticides to South Africa's main foreign markets, the European Union and the United States. 2 IPM is based on the control of local arthropod pest populations by applying measures where and when necessary, whereas areawide control is based on continuously applied, preventa- tive measures to the entire habitat of the arthropod pest. Central to IPM is the use of economic thresholds in order to determine where and when control measures should be applied. However, economic thresholds can be applied only if suitable pest monitoring systems are available. These monitoring systems, in turn, are based on sampling plans, in which the sampling units and sampling procedures are clearly defined. Most of the local apple crop is exported, the most important markets being the European Union and the United States. These markets require high quality, un- blemished fruit and minimum insecticide use. Optimum use of data obtained from monitoring systems can facilitate compli- ance with these requirements. In this article I examine the underlying principles of monitoring systems and the optimum use of data obtained from them in apple orchards in the Elgin area of South Africa. While applied entomologists are familiar with these principles, local exporters and overseas importers, being marketers, are usually not well versed in the application of economic thresholds (see later for defi- nition). This article is therefore also an attempt to clarify these principles to mar- keters, both local and abroad. Some practical aspects of sampling arthropod pest populations When sampling for decision making in pest management, the sampling error should be known, so that it can be taken into account when comparing the popu- lation level recorded in the sample with the economic threshold. The standard error relative to the sample mean is com- monly used as an expression for sampling error (for example, see refs 3, 4):" @default.
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• W2149245442 date "2006-05-01" @default.
• W2149245442 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W2149245442 title "The use of economic thresholds in pest management : apples in South Africa" @default.
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