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• W2150777752 abstract "The 200-year anniversary of Bolivia’s revolts against Spanish control in May 25, 1809 (Sucre), and July 16, 1809 (La Paz), coupled with the current political reorientations of President Evo Morales, has sparked renewed interest in the meaning of independence, citizenship, and political identity for the embattled Andean nation. As Bolivians look to their past as a guide to the future, independence and the sense of nation it engendered has taken a new importance with interpretations that rarely escape the prevailing political divisions at work. At the heart of these debates are questions such as what exactly is Bolivia’s national identity? Who were the progenitors of this identity, and to what extent do they represent the bulk of Bolivians?It was against this backdrop that the late Bolivian historian and former diplomat José Luis Roca wrote Ni con Lima ni con Buenos Aires: La formación de un estado nacional en Charcas, a dense collection of essays that explore the issue of national identity from pre-Columbian times to approximately 1828. Roca writes that he began writing this book in 1980 while in exile in London as a rebuttal to the interpretations of fellow historian Charles Arnade (p. 17). Arnade, who also recently passed, had published the influential Emergence of the Republic of Bolivia in 1957. Arnade questioned the basis of Bolivia’s founding and the intentions of its founders, particularly the duplicitous Casimiro Olañeta, whom he considered a “two-faced” opportunist that sided with both rebel and loyalist leaders for personal gain (p. 542). According to Roca, Arnade had misunderstood processes at work during Bolivia’s founding period. Olañeta and others of his generation were driven by what Roca terms a “patriotic logic” (p. 568) wherein they rubbed shoulders with loyalists and supplied intelligence to rebels in the waning years of the war. Roca moreover argues that the lines that separated rebels from loyalists were in constant flux, especially after the liberal revolt of 1820 in Spain, and were further undermined by regional rivalries and a host of colonial-clientelist attitudes.Roca employs Olañeta’s case, along with others who participated in the independence process, as symptomatic of a broader dilemma. Charcas (colonial Bolivia), he argues, had always been under the jurisdiction of outside forces, controlled by viceregal courts in Lima until 1776, and later Buenos Aires. With the onset of the independence wars, both metropolises sought to annex the region and control its mineral wealth. The ensuing conflict brought armies from Argentina, Peru, and as far as Colombia, each laden with political projects that did not always benefit the region’s long-term interests. Roca argues that these campaigns actually accentuated existing animosities and that Bolivia’s national identity was formed precisely in response to these geopolitical tensions.In each of the 24 essays that comprise Ni con Lima ni con Buenos Aires, Roca connects a segment of Bolivia’s history to his overarching theme: Bolivia’s cohesive national identity. Although he begins with an overview of the Aymara kingdoms and colonial Charcas, his central focus is the struggle for independence. He does not mince words or his intentions. He in fact dedicates the book “to the constitutional assembly of 1825 . . . who voted for the sovereign republic of Bolivia” (p. 25). Roca vehemently believed that the history of Bolivia’s founding is relevant for the formation of a strong national character and against those who wish to dismember the nation politically, historically, or otherwise.This book represents Roca’s opus insofar as it encapsulates themes that run through his previous works; some chapters are actually revised versions of older essays. The essays are grounded in archival material and supporting secondary sources, many of which are long out of print. Many of his interpretations proved groundbreaking. His assertions, for example, that loyalism and royalism were not incompatible with patriotism and the founding of nation-states have recently been supported by other scholars working on the independence period. He also makes persuasive connections between regional rivalries and political action, but his defense of Olañeta’s presumed altruistic intentions may be overstated. Moreover, his early quarrel with Arnade established the tone and tenor of his writing and this approach, however persuasive, reduces sections of the text into a series of litigation proceedings.These limitations, however, do not diminish the overall value of the book. José Luis Roca was a dedicated historian who was unafraid to ask tough questions and defend his convictions no matter how unpopular they may have been. He approached his topic with candor, humor, and an encyclopedic command of history, particularly as it pertained to Bolivian independence. Ni con Lima ni con Buenos Aires is an important and intriguing source for anyone interested in Bolivian independence and the debates that surround this formative period." @default.
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• W2150777752 date "2010-05-01" @default.
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• W2150777752 title "Ni con Lima ni con Buenos Aires: La formación de un estado nacional en Charcas" @default.
• W2150777752 doi "https://doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2009-143" @default.
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