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• W2152655022 abstract "Winter snow cover duration has varied across the northern and central Great Plains of the United States throughout this century. Decade-todecade variability has been common, and the timing of these fluctuations has differed considerably across the region. A general trend towards longer snow cover duration was noted from the 1920s and 1930s to the 1970s. Nine stations with continuous records of snow cover, temperature, precipitation, and snowfall dating back 61 to 97years were studied Snow cover fluctuations and t r e h are associated with changes of these other variables. Such relationships are complex and differ across the Great Plains, Correlations between winter snow cover duration and mean maximum temperature are negative in all areas, and are strongest in Nebraska, South Dakota, and southeastern Montana, where snow cover is most variable. Precipitation is correlated positively with snow cover duration in most of the region, although statistically less significant than for temperature. In the future, should the winter climate of the Great Plains deviate from what has been observed this centuly, it is reasonable to assume that the duration of snow cover will change significantly. Snow cover should play a role in dictating the nature of any such changes, and should also serve as a credible indicator of future winter climate change in this region. Across middle and high latitude lands of the Northern Hemisphere the impact of snow on humans and the environment is considerable. Falling snow or snow lying on the ground influences hydrologic, biologic, chemical, and geologic processes at and near the surface of the earth. It exerts an impact on activities as diverse as engineering, agriculture, travel, recreation, commerce, and safety. Empirical and modeling studies also show snow cover to have an influential role within the climate system (Berry 1981; Walsh et al. 1985; Kukla et al. 1986, Barnett et al. 1989). Global models of anthropogenically-induced climate change suggest enhanced warming in regions where snow cover is currently ephemeral (Manabe and Wetherald 1980, Hansen et al. 1984; Dickinson et al. 1987). For this reason, snow cover has been suggested as a useful index for 94 Great Plains Research Vol.1 No.1 monitoring global climate change (Barry 1985, Schlesinger 1986). Regional and hemispheric snow cover is also relatively simple to map by satellite. Long records of snow cover are necessary for a full understanding of its role in climate dynamics and climate change. Satellite-derived data are available for only the last two decades, making a long-term assessment of natural snow cover variability impossible and studies regarding the interaction of snow cover with other climate variables suspect. Investigations such as these must therefore rely on lengthy historical station data. The Great Plains is an excellent location for examining the role of snow cover in the climate system, particularly the northern and central portions of the region. Snow cover generally persists here from several weeks to months each winter and exhibits considerable year-to-year variability. Previous empirical studies have shown the influence of snow cover on short-term climate dynamics in the Great Plains (e.g., Dewey 1977; Namias 1984), while climate models suggest that the interior of continents will be most affected by greenhouse-enhanced climate changes. Long climate records are available for a number of stations in the Great Plains. Previous studies using these data concentrated on temperature, precipitation, and drought, finding considerable spatial and temporal variability (e.g., Mattice 1934; Borchert 1971; Skaggs 1978; Warrick 1980, Balling and Lawson 1982; Karl and Koscielny 1982; McGregor 1987). While snow cover also exhibits these characteristics, to date, studies utilizing long snow records (more than 50 years) do not exist for the Great Plains. Studies of other regions have been few in number and conducted on a much more local scale (Arakawa 1957; Uttinger 1%3; Manley 1%9; Lamb 1969; Pfister 1978, 1985). For this study, we utilize long-term historical climate data for nine stations distributed throughout the northern and central Great Plains to examine winter snow cover and potential correlations of cover with records of precipitation, snowfall, and maximum and minimum temperature. This study addresses the following questions: How has the duration of winter snow cover varied across the central and northern Plains this century? Has the duration of winter snow cover changed significantly from the beginning of the century to recent decades? Are the identified variations or changes associated with temperature, precipitation, or snowfall fluctuations? Results will provide another means of assessing the variability of climate in this region. They will also determine the role snow cover may play in future climate change on the Great Plains, and whether snow cover is a credible indicator of such change. Short-term Impacts of Snow Cover The distribution of snow cover on the Great Plains influences local Snow Cover Variability Figure 1. (a) Snow cover (stippled) over the northcentral United States on 3-4 March 1987, mapped from visible satellite imagery (from NOAA Northern Hemisphere Snow and Ice Boundaries charts). (B) Temperature departures (OC) for the period 1-7 March 1987 over the same region (from NOAA Wee& Weather and Crop Bulletin). Great Plains Research ,Vol.l No.1 and regional winds and clouds, and may influence atmospheric circulation, including the location and trajectory of cyclone paths traversing the region (Namias 1962,1984, Walsh et al. 1981; Heim and Dewey 1984, Johnson e t al. 1984). On a time scale of several days to a week, Great Plains snow cover has a significant influence on surface air temperatures (Dewey 1977; Kukla 1978). When under the same atmospheric circulation regime, snowcovered regions experience colder temperatures than adjacent snow-free areas. For example, in the first week of March 1987, a 700 mb ridge over the northern and central Great Plains contributed to above normal temperatures throughout the region (Fig. 1). However, in the area from western Nebraska to eastern North Dakota where the ground remained snow covered throughout the week, positive departures were considerably less pronounced than in nearby snow-free areas. The cooling associated with snow cover is a function of its high surface albedo, low water vapor pressure, high thermal emissivity, and low heat conductivity. Surface albedo over the Great Plains is close to 0.80 under a fresh snow cover of at least 15 cm (6 in; Robinson and Kukla 1985), compared to winter snow-free values of 0.15 (Kung et al. 1%4). Thus, when snow cover is present the amount of solar energy available for surface heating is reduced and much of the available heat goes to warming and melting the snow pack. At night, with a dry atmosphere present, the high emissivity of the snow permits surface heat reserves to escape to space, further enhancing the cooling. Station Climate Data The climate records for the nine stations used in this study (Table 1, Fig. 2) were selected from a new set of historical daily climate data (Robinson 1988, 1989). This set contains digitized records of snow cover, snowfall, precipitation, and maximum and minimum temperature for 360 United States cooperative observing stations dating from the late nineteenth century, and for 650 stations dating from about 1930. Records, which extend through 1987, were carefully evaluated for inconsistencies and errors. The selected stations are well distributed throughout the northern and central Great Plains and have among the longest and most complete records of the five variables in the region. Station histories show few changes in station location or observing practices. Snow cover data were extended through the 1989190 winter for these nine stations. For each winter (December, January, and February) of record for each of the nine stations, the number of days with no snow cover, with 2.5-5.1 cm (1-2 in) of cover, and with at least 7.6 cm (3 in) of cover, total snowfall and precipitation, and mean maximum and minimum temperatures were computed from the daily data. The resultant winter time series Snow Cover Variability" @default.
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• W2152655022 title "Snow Cover Variability on the Northern and Central Great Plains" @default.
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