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• W2153168465 abstract "The first demonstration of the laser in May 19601 opened the way to the development of lightwave technology. Almost 20 years later, the production of very-low-loss optical fibers2 made guided-wave optical communication systems a reality. One of the problems associated with the development of longhaul systems was obviously related to the introduction in the transmission line of a number of repeaters, able to recondition and to reamplify the optical signal. The solution offered by conventional optics was unsatisfactory, due to the size and electrical power consumption, as well as to the critical effects of temperature variations, mechanical vibrations, and the presence of moisture. Similar problems existed for signal distribution to end users, which required a very large number of splitters and switches. The alternative first suggested by S. E. Miller, a researcher at Bell Laboratories, was to miniaturize the repeater, integrate all the components onto a single chip, and interconnect them via optical waveguides: the concept of integrated optics was born.3 Technology of materials and devices has progressed a great deal since then, and terminology has also slightly changed: it is now common to speak about integrated optoelectronics or integrated photonics rather than integrated optics. The basic aim, however, has not changed with time: to integrate as many optical and electronic functions as possible into a chip as small as possible. One of the most complex photonic integrated circuits (PICs) reported to date is an InP monolithic tunable optical router with 8 input and 8 output ports, capable of 40 Gb/s operation per port.4 The size of this PIC is 4.25 × 14.5 mm, and it includes more than 200 functional elements integrated on-chip. In recent years, besides the telecommunications applications, a continuously growing interest has been focused on the field of integrated optical sensors, especially for biomedical sensing. Hot topics in this area concern, for instance: (i) the integration of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors in a waveguide configuration (waveguide-based SPR sensors can accommodate several sensing elements on a single platform, thus allowing us the development of highly integrated, multichannel, and robust sensing devices); see, for instance, Ref. 5; (ii) the integration of high-Q microresonators with optofluidics for ultrasensitive spectroscopic measurements (which could enable miniaturized, low-cost, fully automated, and massively parallel devices for lab-on-a-chip applications); see, for instance, Ref. 6; and (iii) the combination of ultrahigh-Q whispering gallery mode microresonators with optical waveguides for the implementation of very sensitive biosensors; see, for instance, Ref. 7. Several books8–13 and a huge number of papers on this subject have been published in the 40 years since the seminal paper by P. K. Tien in 1971, which described not only the physics of guided waves in thin films and the prismcoupling method, but also some very early nonlinear optical phenomena in integrated optics.14 An early 2011 search of the SPIE Digital Library on the term “integrated optics” within Abstract/Title/Keyword produced about 2000 papers; of those, more than 10% were published in Optical Engineering. A similar search on the ISI Web of Knowledge produced 3810 journal articles and 3655 proceedings papers. The histogram in Fig. 1 shows the publication rate in the last 20 years; it appears evident that the number of publications on integrated optics stayed high and almost constant, on the order of 500 per year, in the last 7 to 8 years, thus testifying to the continuous importance of this RD the paper by Tervonen et al. presents a comprehensive review of this process, while Hassanzadeh and Mittler discuss the optimization of a two-step ion exchange (K+ –Na+ followed by an Ag+ – Na+ ) for producing low-loss waveguides with high surface refractive indices. In some glasses, however, ion exchange is not effective, and other waveguide fabrication techniques" @default.
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• W2153168465 date "2011-07-01" @default.
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• W2153168465 title "Special Section Guest Editorial: Integrated Optics" @default.
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• W2153168465 doi "https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3599859" @default.
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