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• W2153301708 abstract "Functional equivalences form the basis for semantics, an important component of human language. Among other things, they allow us to learn about objects or actions in their absence. There is good evidence that animals, such as pigeons, can acquire functional equivalences as well. The most studied procedure for establishing functional equivalences in pigeons involves many-to-one matching-to-sample training in which two samples are associated with the same correct comparison stimulus. The evidence for the development of simple functional equivalences when two sample stimuli are associated with a common comparison stimulus comes from several sources. The most convincing procedure for demonstrating functional equivalences in pigeons is the transfer of training design in which a new association acquired by one member of a presumed equivalence set results in an emergent relation with the other member of the set. Further, research suggests that the stimuli that comprise an equivalence set are represented by one of those samples. Finally, two other procedures used with pigeons have been shown to result in functional equivalences. One of these involves symmetry training in which two stimuli are presented successively in both orders. The other involves discriminations in which there are multiple successive reversals. Alice, a three year old, has learned that dogs are playful animals that lick your face and wag their tail. She looks happy when she sees a dog or when someone tells her about a dog. However, one day, when out for a walk, she passes a yard with a fenced in dog that barks loudly and lunges at her. When she gets home her mother tells he that her friend Jimmy has a new dog and they are going to go to Jimmy’s house to see it. Alice now shows some anxiety and isn’t sure that she wants to visit Jimmy. Alice has transferred some of the experience she had with the unfriendly dog to hearing about Jimmy’s dog without having had an unpleasant experience with the word dog. When objects and symbols for those objects take on similar meaning, emergent relations often develop between them such that a change in the meaning of one results in the change in the meaning of the other. These functional equivalences form the basis for an important component of human language, semantics, and allow us to learn about the attributes of objects or actions in their absence. The admonition, “Don’t drive to work on Main Street. There is a major traffic jam.” is likely to produce a change in behavior without actually experiencing the problem. Several years ago Peter Urcuioli and I embarked on a program of research to determine if animals, in particular pigeons, have the ability to form functional equivalences that would allow them to acquire relations between stimuli without specific prior experience with them. We used an approach that produced convergent evidence that pigeons do in fact have this ability. We also investigated the nature of the functional equivalences and found convergent evidence that not unlike words for humans; one of the functionally equivalent stimuli had become represented as the other." @default.
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• W2153301708 date "2006-01-01" @default.
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• W2153301708 title "Functional equivalence in pigeons." @default.
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• W2153301708 doi "https://doi.org/10.1037/h0100080" @default.
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