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• W2153614886 abstract "Malnutrition is a common complication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and plays a significant and independent role in its morbidity and mortality. Malnutrition was one of the earliest complications of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) to be recognized. Unexplained weight loss is one of the most common initial AIDS-defining diagnoses to be reported to public health authorities.80 Chlebowski and colleagues11 performed nutritional assessments in hospitalized AIDS patients and found that almost all had lost weight; 68% had lost 10% or more. Several studies have documented the ability to improve nutritional status. The possibility of providing clinical benefit to patients using nutritional therapies justifies their further development and application. Steady advances have been made in understanding the extent and composition of weight loss, the relevant pathogenic mechanisms, and the potential effects of nutritional therapies in HIV infection. Despite these advances, there are major limitations in the ability to provide effective nutritional support. Confounding factors include the multifactorial nature of malnutrition, uncertain demographic influences, and the fact that key pathogenic features vary during disease progression and with different disease complications. Other difficulties include poor appreciation of the significance of malnutrition in HIV-infected people and poor accuracy of the tools for estimating nutritional status, outside of specialized nutritional research centers. The most significant advance in the field of nutritional assessment and body composition is the growing realization that malnutrition has adverse clinical consequences. The point should have been obvious because starvation in the absence of other disease causes severe morbidity. The development of malnutrition in clinical disease generally is believed to be secondary to the underlying disease, and improvement is believed possible only by addressing the underlying disease. Studies have shown, however, the effects of malnutrition in HIV/AIDS to be independent of immune dysfunction per se. Several studies examined the relationship between malnutrition and survival and found that weight loss predicts shortened survival. Weight loss has been associated with subsequent increased risk of mortality in four studies with levels of weight loss ranging from 5% to 20%.11, 26, 36, 77 In three studies, the effect of weight loss on mortality was independent of CD4+ lymphocyte counts.26, 36, 77 Weight loss also was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization12 and an increased risk of developing an active opportunistic infection, effects also independent of CD4+ lymphocyte counts. Two studies correlated body cell mass depletion with shortened survival.54, 88 In one study, normalized body weight and body cell mass, but not body fat, correlated with time to death in patients with wasting illnesses.54 The results suggested that the timing of death from wasting in AIDS is related to the degree of body cell mass depletion rather than the specific cause of the wasting process. In the other study, a low ratio of body cell mass to body weight was associated with a markedly shortened survival, compared to subjects with higher ratios.88 The effect was independent of and stronger than the level of immune depletion, as measured by peripheral blood CD4+ lymphocyte counts. The interrelationships between nutritional status, immune function, and quality of life were examined in a group of 150 clinically stable HIV-infected outpatients to determine whether nutritional status or immune function was a better predictor of quality of life.70 The results showed that one aspect of quality of life, physical performance, correlated significantly with depletion of body cell mass, although not body weight or fat content. The effect of body cell mass was independent of immune function. The diagnosis of AIDS, low CD4+ lymphocyte counts, and advanced age affected other aspects of quality of life. Similar findings were obtained during baseline evaluation of subjects with AIDS wasting, before initiation of anabolic agent therapy.84 The specific interrelationship between body cell mass depletion and decreased physical functioning is uncertain because many factors may affect quality of life. Whether the results simply represent depletion of skeletal muscle mass with weakness and fatigability, decreased energy available for activity, a combination of the two or other factors has not been elucidated. Malnutrition associated with HIV infection has far-reaching ramifications not only for the patient, but also for the health care system and society in general. Many patients become too debilitated to work steadily and come to rely on public or other assistance. Weight loss often is the initiating event in a vicious cycle of increased fatigue and decreased physical activity, including the ability to prepare and consume food. The burden of providing custodial services as well as specialized nutritional support has strained health care resources and confounds attempts to provide streamlined and cost-efficient health care. Malnutrition also was found to increase the rate of complications during hospitalization in other diseases.64, 68, 97 This generally results in further medical intervention that may include expensive diagnostic and therapeutic measures. The increase in expenditure adds to the overall economic burden of providing health care. To this amount must be added the cost of lost wages and a decreased level of contribution to society by affected individuals. This article provides an overview of the effects of HIV infection and AIDS on nutritional status, both of macronutrients and micronutrients. Classic patterns of malnutrition are discussed, and the nutritional alterations of HIV infection and AIDS are reviewed. The pathogenesis of malnutrition is discussed. The results of treatment studies are reviewed. A final section integrates basic and clinical information and provides algorithms to assist in effective and streamlined evaluations and management." @default.
• W2153614886 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2153614886 date "1997-06-01" @default.
• W2153614886 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2153614886 title "MALNUTRITION IN HIV INFECTION" @default.
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• W2153614886 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-8553(05)70301-0" @default.
• W2153614886 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9187931" @default.
• W2153614886 hasPublicationYear "1997" @default.
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