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• W215538636 abstract "1. General perspectives of this issue A couple of years ago, drawing on recent pension reforms, we described the German state as being in a state of transition towards an uncertain something else (Lamping and Rub 2004). We argued that the German state is beginning to lose its distinctive features as a type of state (knowing that Esping-Andersen used the word conservative as a term of political conflict as well as an analytical category, Esping-Andersen 1990). We argued that the German state, and perhaps all those in Europe, will lose their distinct character as subtypes of the three (or many more) worlds of welfare. While denying any kind of convergence towards a new or common state model, we hypothesized that there will be a new type of state, a recombinant state pragmatically combining elements of the three worlds of welfare and adding new variations within each policy and within each type of state. Following on from that, statehood seems to be in a new era of hybridization (cf. Schubert et al. (eds.) 2009). Therefore, it comes as no surprise that policy change within states appears to be rather polymorphic, along with the overall picture of the paths pursued by states in the 21st century. The contributions to this issue of German Policy Studies support this impression. Undoubtedly, this new era of hybridization appears to cause great confusion in the eyes of those trying to work out ideal types. The state policies are ambivalent and ambiguous because politics is ambivalent and ambiguous: political decisions often do not follow clear political objectives (due to veto players, the need to make compromises, etc.), and neither does social policy. Despite this ambivalence and ambiguity, some tendencies are visible. The authors of this issue on the policies of the German state provide pieces of the puzzle. They provide empirical evidence not only for the theoretical argument of recombinant states, but for what really happens with and within the German case in times of uncertainty. At first glance, when taking a more holistic view of the state, contradictory processes seem to take place in different sectors at the same time, rendering it sometimes virtually impossible to argue that policy change is consistent both within and between policy sectors. There are, at the same time, increases in benefits and harsh cuts, greater state interventionism and greater self-regulation, greater competition and greater state control, greater self-responsibility and greater state paternalism, greater tax-financing and greater reliance on individual private contributions, greater means-tested basic-income provision and greater inequality, new policies which reduce status protection and those which explicitly try to guarantee status protection. One is faced, moreover, with gradual and radical change alike. For those familiar with the emergence, consolidation, retrenchment and recalibration of the state, it is anything but surprising that the overall picture is somewhat puzzling. In an earlier issue of German Policy Studies (Lamping and Rub 2008a), the politics of German state reform were discussed from different perspectives. The core question addressed by that earlier issue was: what historical, political and institutional factors and drivers (ideas, crises, interests, strategies, players, etc.) make reforms possible despite their generally low popular support, and which are of importance with respect to the direction and content of reforms? In the issue at hand, in contrast, the policies of German state reform are at the center of interest. Understanding why and how policies change and whether the changes make a difference is a core area of state research. Change, however, is a slippery term, difficult to conceptualize, define and operationalize, let alone to establish the mechanisms and conditions which promote or hamper it. …" @default.
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• W215538636 date "2010-03-22" @default.
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• W215538636 title "Introduction: Farewell to Bismarck or Moving Forward Back to Bismarck? Transformations of the German Welfare State" @default.
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