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• W2156118944 abstract "Coutts N.J. (2009) Investigating genetic diversity at adaptive and neutral DNA markers in the severely bottlenecked Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) Ph.D. thesis, University of Cape Town Anthropogenic activities have severely affected many ecosystems. The Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) was virtually extirpated during the 19 century, with an historically widespread distribution severely reduced in southern Africa. By 1895, a single remnant population of ~100 individuals persisted in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Successful conservation strategies and high fecundity facilitated rapid population recovery and the relocation of surplus individuals to other protected areas began in 1961. There are currently ~17 500 Southern white rhinoceroses worldwide and their recovery from the brink of extinction is “internationally recognised as one of the world’s greatest conservation successes”. Southern white rhinoceroses from the original source population (Hluhluwe Imfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa) and three seeded populations across the southern African subregion were analysed to determine the population genetic effects of severe demographic decline. Data from neutral genetic markers together with adaptive major histocompatibility complex gene (MHC) sequences were used to investigate the following hypotheses; (1) founder events have resulted in reduced genetic diversity in seeded populations, (2) founder events and subsequent genetic drift in small populations have resulted in genetic differentiation between populations and (3) extant populations exhibit genetic evidence of their demographic bottleneck and/or founder events. A combination of classical population genetic parameters, together with population simulations and tests for predicted expectations of population decline were used to address these hypotheses. Contemporary levels of genetic diversity in Southern white rhinoceroses are amongst the lowest reported in large mammals. Average values across all four populations included microsatellite allelic richness of 2.6 alleles per locus, 0.44 observed heterozygosity and a polymorphic informative content of 0.37. Only four mtDNA control region haplotypes were identified and displayed low nucleotide and haplotype diversity (π = 0.003; h = 0.52). Of particular interest was the functional monomorphism at the DQA and DQB MHC loci. Identical alleles were observed in Northern white Abstract Page ii Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wnPage ii Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wn rhinoceroses, despite an estimated lineage divergence of 0.7 to 2 MYA. No significant reduction in microsatellite allele numbers or heterozygosity was observed in seeded populations relative to the source population. Genetic differentiation was greatest amongst seeded populations, relative to the period of time since each founding event, and is most likely the combined result of founder events and genetic drift in small and isolated populations. No statistical evidence of recent or historic genetic bottlenecks were detected in either the source or seeded populations, despite the documented demographic decline and subsequent founder events. The principal management approach used in modern rhinoceros conservation is the protection of small populations, via a network of fenced reserves, with limited potential for dispersal and gene flow. Most Southern white rhinoceroses are owned by the private sector and maintained in discrete free-ranging populations with an average “population” size of ~11 individuals. A metapopulation management strategy, via the periodic translocation of breeding males, is typically implemented to buffer the effects of genetic drift and limiting subpopulation isolation. Substantial financial and logistical resources are required to translocate white rhinoceroses and the accurate identification of successfully breeding males is vital. Data from microsatellite markers were analysed to assign paternity in two seeded populations, Welgevonden Private Game Reserve, South Africa, and Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe, to (1) accurately identify breeding males for periodic translocations, (2) describe the mating system, reproductive skew and a genetic component of female mate choice and (3) confirm maternal relationships identified by observational data to corroborate a suspected calf-swapping event. Unfortunately, genetic diversity was not sufficient to resolve parental relationships based on this data, which in turn limited inferences regarding mating systems, reproductive skew or mate choice. Analysis of mother-calf combinations did, however, reveal unequivocal evidence of calf-swapping that raises a number of evolutionarily and ecologically interesting issues. Southern white rhinoceroses are so genetically similar at the DNA markers used in this study that translocating breeding males may not be sufficient to limit the effects of genetic drift. In addition, simulations of the role of drift on maintaining genetic diversity in small populations suggest that existing diversity is unlikely to be maintained under the current metapopulation management strategy. A more effective conservation approach would be the investment of resources in larger populations, such as those in national parks with an average population size of ~123 individuals, where it is predicted that 77.5% of the existing allelic diversity and 94.8% of the observed heterozygosity would be retained after 200 years. Abstract Page iii Un ive rsi ty of Ca p To wnPage iii Un ive rsi ty of Ca p To wn The Southern white rhinoceros is an African conservation flagship and was one of the first large mammals taken to the brink of extinction by anthropogenic activities. This study investigated the genetic outcomes associated with demographic recovery after a population bottleneck in large longlived mammals. The data and comparative analyses with the Northern white rhinoceros, however, suggest that historic populations prior to their decline in the late 1900's were already characterised by low levels of genetic diversity. Reduced genetic diversity in contemporary Southern white rhinoceroses does not appear to be the result of recent anthropogenic decline and near extinction. Abstract Page iv Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wnPage iv Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To wn" @default.
• W2156118944 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2156118944 creator A5003465714 @default.
• W2156118944 creator A5025260228 @default.
• W2156118944 creator A5052621959 @default.
• W2156118944 date "2009-01-01" @default.
• W2156118944 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W2156118944 title "Investigating genetic diversity at neutral and adaptive DNA markers in the severely bottlenecked Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)" @default.
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