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- W2157429511 abstract "Spiders are the most diversified predators in terrestrial ecosystems (Wise 1993). Spiders have co-evolved with insects (main prey) to exploit nearly all terrestrial habitats from the Arctic Circle to the southern most reaches of terrestrial ecosystems, excluding Antarctica (Turnbull 1973; Foelix 1996). Although spiders occur in the most barren landscapes, botanically complex regions sustain high spider diversity and abundance (Foelix 1996). Spider assemblages are highly influenced by variations in plant community structure, ecosystem dynamics such as disturbance, and abiotic factors such as soil and ambient humidity and temperature (Bonte et al. 2002). In terms of spider ecology, vegetation communities can be separated into four layers (Duffy 1966): (1) soil zone, which includes litter, stones, bare soil or water, and vegetation up to 15 cm in height; (2) field zone 1, comprised of vegetation between heights of 15 and 180 cm; (3) field zone 2, includes vegetation between heights of 180450 cm; and (4) wood zone, encompassing woody growth above 450 cm in height. It is across these vegetation zones that co-existing spider taxa partition limited resources. Varying physiological tolerances to abiotic factors such as light intensity, humidity, and temperature also contribute to ecological separation (NOrgaard 1951; Kuenzler 1958; Kleemolu 1963; Turbull 1973). Resource partitioning among spiders is also influenced by the presence of web building spiders as they display higher territorial behavior in order to protect energetically costly webs (Uetz 1978). Despite the fact that many ecological factors influence spider-habitat dynamics, assemblage structure is often attributed to vegetation community characteristics, including successional sere (Greenstone 1984; Bonte 2002). Although not as vertically stratified as forests, grasslands offer subtle vertical complexity along with complex horizontal heterogeneity. Habitat heterogeneity in prairies is maintained by disturbances such as fire, drought, and grazing at varying intensities. However, much of North America’s native grasslands have experienced accelerated effects of disturbance due to anthropogenic activities including urbanization, disruption of natural hydrology, crop farming, and livestock grazing. The latter two agricultural practices are of particular importance throughout North American prairies, of which over 80% have been degraded (Hickman et al. 2006). This project assesses the effects of grazing and the establishment of an introduced forage grass cultivar, plains bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum), on foliage dwelling spider assemblages." @default.
- W2157429511 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2157429511 date "2015-02-17" @default.
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- W2157429511 title "Effects of Vegetation Structure on Foliage Dwelling Spider Assemblages in Native and Non-native Oklahoma Grassland Habitats" @default.
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