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• W2158889317 abstract "The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway plays important roles for prostate cancer cell survival, and the androgen receptor (AR) plays essential roles for prostate cancer cell proliferation. How these two signals cooperate to control cell growth and death, however, remains unclear and debated. Here we provide the first linkage by the identification of Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a, the PI3K/Akt downstream substrate, as a positive regulator for the induction of AR gene expression. Both Western blot and real time PCR assays demonstrate that FOXO3a can induce AR expression at the protein and mRNA levels, and gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further demonstrate that FOXO3a can induce 5′ AR promoter activity via binding to the consensus DNA-binding sequence in the AR 5′ promoter -1290 to -1297 (5′-TTGTTTCA-3′). Under normal growth conditions, blocking PI3K/Akt signals by LY294002 causes LNCaP cell arrest in G1 phase rather than apoptosis. However, further blocking of AR functions by AR small interfering RNA leads to dramatic LNCaP cell death, suggesting that AR may play important protective roles when the PI3K/Akt signal pathway is blocked by LY294002. Together, our data provide the first model to explain how PI3K/Akt and AR can cooperate to control LNCaP cell growth and death under normal conditions. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway plays important roles for prostate cancer cell survival, and the androgen receptor (AR) plays essential roles for prostate cancer cell proliferation. How these two signals cooperate to control cell growth and death, however, remains unclear and debated. Here we provide the first linkage by the identification of Forkhead transcription factor FOXO3a, the PI3K/Akt downstream substrate, as a positive regulator for the induction of AR gene expression. Both Western blot and real time PCR assays demonstrate that FOXO3a can induce AR expression at the protein and mRNA levels, and gel shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays further demonstrate that FOXO3a can induce 5′ AR promoter activity via binding to the consensus DNA-binding sequence in the AR 5′ promoter -1290 to -1297 (5′-TTGTTTCA-3′). Under normal growth conditions, blocking PI3K/Akt signals by LY294002 causes LNCaP cell arrest in G1 phase rather than apoptosis. However, further blocking of AR functions by AR small interfering RNA leads to dramatic LNCaP cell death, suggesting that AR may play important protective roles when the PI3K/Akt signal pathway is blocked by LY294002. Together, our data provide the first model to explain how PI3K/Akt and AR can cooperate to control LNCaP cell growth and death under normal conditions. Prostate cancer (PCa) 3The abbreviations used are: PCa, prostate cancer; AR, androgen receptor; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3(OH)-kinase; FOXO factors, Forkhead transcription factors; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; ARE, androgen-responsive element; FBS, fetal bovine serum; CD, charcoal-dextran; PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome 10; siRNA, small interfering RNA; DHT, dihydrotestosterone; WT, wild type; EMSAs, electrophoretic mobility shift assays; ChIP, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancies and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among American men (1Feldman B.J. Feldman D. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2001; 1: 34-45Crossref PubMed Scopus (1976) Google Scholar). Androgen and the androgen receptor (AR) (2Chang C.S. Kokontis J. Liao S.T. Science. 1988; 240: 324-326Crossref PubMed Scopus (734) Google Scholar, 3Chang C. Saltzman A. Yeh S. Young W. Keller E. Lee H.J. Wang C. Mizokami A. Crit. Rev. Eukaryot. Gene Expr. 1995; 5: 97-125Crossref PubMed Scopus (246) Google Scholar, 4Heinlein C.A. Chang C. Mol. Endocrinol. 2002; 16: 2181-2187Crossref PubMed Scopus (448) Google Scholar) play important roles in this malignancy, and androgen ablation has been the main therapeutic option for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic PCa. The AR is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that is composed of a variable NH2-terminal domain, a highly conserved DNA-binding domain, a hinge domain, and a ligand-binding domain. Although the functional significance of the androgen-AR signaling pathway in PCa progression is well studied, regulation of AR gene expression and its potential linkage to PCa progression remains largely unknown. The FOXO subfamily of Forkhead transcription factors, FOXO1 (FKHR), FOXO3a (FKHRL1), and FOXO4 (AFX), is regulated by the PI3K/Akt pathway. Direct phosphorylation of FOXO proteins by Akt results in cytoplasmic retention and the inactivation of FOXOs, inhibiting the expression of FOXO-regulated genes, which control diverse functions, including cell differentiation, proliferation, cell death, metabolism, and longevity (5Accili D. Arden K.C. Cell. 2004; 117: 421-426Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1115) Google Scholar). In tumor cells, in vitro studies found that the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by FOXOs through regulating target genes like p27KIP, cyclin D, FasL, and BIM depends on cell types and physiological conditions (6Birkenkamp K.U. Coffer P.J. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2003; 31: 292-297Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 7Burgering B.M. Kops G.J. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2002; 27: 352-360Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (624) Google Scholar). A study found that FOXO3a induces apoptosis in LAPC4 prostate cancer cells via the up-regulation of its direct target tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) (8Modur V. Nagarajan R. Evers B.M. Milbrandt J. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 47928-47937Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (322) Google Scholar). Also, FOXOs play a complex role in tumorigenesis (7Burgering B.M. Kops G.J. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2002; 27: 352-360Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (624) Google Scholar). In tumor cells Akt is often constitutively activated either through deletions or mutations in phosphatase and tensin homologue on chromosome 10 (PTEN) or through the activity of autocrine growth factors (6Birkenkamp K.U. Coffer P.J. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2003; 31: 292-297Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). For example, in prostate cancer LNCaP cells the loss of PTEN activity results in constitutively active Akt and leads to the inactivation of FOXO factors. In the present study, we demonstrated that activated FOXO3a could enhance AR gene expression and AR transactivation via binding to the AR 5′ promoter region. This suggests that inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway, the dominant survival factor in prostate cancer LNCaP cells, may result in the activation of the FOXO3a transcription factor, which may then induce the AR gene expression to protect cells from apoptosis caused by inhibition of PI3K/Akt pathway. This important finding implies that inhibition of both PI3K/Akt and AR signaling may become a powerful approach to treat the prostate cancer. Materials—FOXO3a-wild type (FOXO3a-WT) and FOXO3a-TM were gifts from Dr. M. Greenberg (Harvard Medical School, Boston). pU6/BS was a gift from Dr. Y. Shi (Harvard Medical School, Boston). LY294002 was purchased from Calbiochem, and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was from Sigma. The plasmids pCMV-AR, pSG5-AR, promoter-luciferase reporters containing four copies of androgen-response elements ((ARE)4-luc), and pRL-TK have been described previously (9Yang L. Wang L. Lin H.K. Kan P.Y. Xie S. Tsai M.Y. Wang P.H. Chen Y.T. Chang C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003; 305: 462-469Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar, 10Yang L. Lin H.K. Altuwaijri S. Xie S. Wang L. Chang C. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 16820-16827Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). AR 5′ promoter-luciferase reporter was provided by Dr. C. Y. Young (Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN). The anti-AR polyclonal antibody, NH27, was produced as described previously (11Lin H.K. Yeh S. Kang H.Y. Chang C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 7200-7205Crossref PubMed Scopus (340) Google Scholar). The anti-FLAG M2 monoclonal antibody was from Sigma, and anti-FKHRL1(FOXO3a) (number 06951) was from the Upstate Group. The anti-phospho-FOXO3a, and the alkaline phosphatase-conjugated or horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary anti-mouse or anti-rabbit antibodies were from Santa Cruz Biotechnology. The AR small interfering RNA (siRNA) expression vector was constructed as described previously (12Yeh S. Hu Y.-C. Wang P.-H. Xie C. Xu Q. Tsai M.-Y. Dong Z. Wang R.-S. Lee T.-H. Chang C. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 198: 1899-1908Crossref PubMed Scopus (129) Google Scholar). Cell Culture and Transfections—The AR-positive human prostate cancer LNCaP cells with a passage number less than 35 for all the experiments were purchased from ATCC. LNCaP cells and CWR22R cells (a gift from Dr. C. Kao) were maintained in 10% FBS, RPMI 1640. Transfection was performed by using either SuperFect™ (Qiagen) or electroporation (Bio-Rad, gene pulser). For electroporation, the voltage setting was 280 V and capacitance 950 microfarads; the sample volumes were 400 μl, and the total DNA amounts were 10 μg. Luciferase Reporter Assays—The cells were transfected with plasmids in 10% CD-FBS media for 16 h and then treated with ethanol or 10 nm DHT for 24 h, or without any treatment if the cells were cultured in normal medium. After washing with PBS and harvesting, the cell lysates were prepared and used for luciferase assay according to the manufacturer's instructions (Promega). The results were obtained from at least three sets of transfection and are presented as the mean ± S.D. Immunofluorescence and Microscopy—Briefly, LNCaP cells were plated on slide chambers, incubated overnight, transfected with FOXO3a-WT and FOXO3a-TM for 24 h, and then treated with 20 μm LY294002 or EtOH for another 24 h. The cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde for 20 min and permeabilized with 100% methanol for 15 min at 4 °C. The slides were rinsed with PBS twice and incubated in 5% BSA for 30 min. The primary antibody against FOXO3a was added for 1 h. The secondary antibodies were added for 1 h, followed by application of the counter medium containing 4′,6-diaminodino-2-phenylindole. Slides were examined by microscope. A FITC-conjugating anti-rabbit antibody was used as secondary antibody. Northern Blot Analysis—LNCaP cells were cultured following the methods described previously and treated with or without 10 nm DHT for 24 h. Total RNA was isolated, and Northern blot analysis was performed as described previously (10Yang L. Lin H.K. Altuwaijri S. Xie S. Wang L. Chang C. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 16820-16827Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar). Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays (EMSA)—Nuclear extracts and EMSA were carried out as described previously (13Wang H. Yang L. Jamaluddin M.S. Boyd D.D. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 22674-22683Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar). Briefly, nuclear extract proteins were prepared from EtOH or 20 μm LY29400-treated LNCaP cells, and 8 μg of nuclear extract protein was incubated in a reaction solution containing 20 mm Tris-HCl/pH 7.9, 2 mm MgCl2, 1 mm EDTA, 50 mm KCl, 0.5 mm dithiothreitol, 10% glycerol, 0.1% Nonidet P-40, and 2 μg of poly(dI-dC). After 20 min, the 32P-end-labeled duplex oligonucleotide (2 × 104 cpm) was added, and the reaction was incubated for another 20 min in ice. For antibody supershift analysis, 2 μg of anti-FOXO3a antibody (Upstate Group) or normal rabbit IgG was added to the reaction mixtures and preincubated in ice for 20 min. The sequence of the probes used is 5′-GAACAAATTATGTCCTTGTTTCAGCCTGTTCATCT-3′. RNA Interference—The pSuperior.retro.puro vector (OligoEngine) was used for the expression of siRNA in LNCaP cells. FOXO3a siRNA vector was generated by a gene-specific insert (GTGGAGCTGGACCCGGAGT) to target FOXO3a. A scrambled control vector was constructed using an insert (GTGTCTGTAGGAGTCATCC) with no significant homology to any mammalian gene sequence. Detection of Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Using Flow Cytometry Assay—LNCaP cells grown in 100-mm dishes were treated with either ethanol or 20 μm LY294002 for 24 h, or transfected with AR siRNA or empty vector, and then treated with either ethanol or 20 μm LY294002 for 24 h. The cells were digested with trypsin/EDTA. Approximately 1 × 106 cells were fixed by 70% EtOH overnight at 4 °C, harvested, and then stained with propidium iodine for 20 min at room temperature. The cells were washed twice with PBS, and the fluorescence of cells was measured by flow cytometry as reported previously (14Ni J. Chen M. Zhang Y. Li R. Huang J. Yeh S. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003; 300: 357Crossref PubMed Scopus (117) Google Scholar). Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Assay (ChIP)—The ChIP assays were performed essentially as described previously (13Wang H. Yang L. Jamaluddin M.S. Boyd D.D. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 22674-22683Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar) but with some modifications. Cell lysates were precleared sequentially with normal rabbit IgG (sc-2027, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and protein A-agarose. Anti-FOXO3a antibody (2.0 μg) was added to the lysate and incubated at 4 °C overnight. For the negative control, no antibody was added in the sample. The following primer pairs, which span the region -1412 to -1181 of the AR promoter, were used for the amplification of PCR product (including real time PCR): forward primer, 5′-AGCCTTTCCCAAATGACAATG-3′; reverse primer, 5′-GCACAGCCAAACATCATAGG-3′. Real Time PCR Analysis—For AR expression assay, total RNAs from 5 × 106 LNCaP cells that were transfected with 10 mg of FOXO3a-WT, FOXO3a-TM, or empty vector were isolated for 24 h after transfection by using TRIzol following the manufacturer's protocol. 5 mg of RNA were reverse-transcribed by Superscript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's protocol. cDNA was subjected to real time PCR using the SYBR Green PCR Reagents kit (Bio-Rad). Experiments were performed in triplicate for each data point. PCR primers were as follows: AR forward, 5′-CCTGGCTTCCGCAACTTACAC-3′; AR reverse, 5′-GGACTTGTGCATGCGGTACTCA-3′. For the ChIP assay, real time PCR was performed essentially as described previously (13Wang H. Yang L. Jamaluddin M.S. Boyd D.D. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 22674-22683Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (38) Google Scholar). The same primer pair used for the conventional PCR was used for real time PCR. Blockade of PI3K/Akt Enhances AR Expression and AR Transactivation—Early reports indicated that PI3K/Akt and AR may cooperate with each other to promote prostate cancer cell survival and growth. For example, AR transactivation can be induced by LY294002, a selective PI3K inhibitor, to play a dominant role in cell proliferation to compensate for the loss of PI3K/Akt signaling (9Yang L. Wang L. Lin H.K. Kan P.Y. Xie S. Tsai M.Y. Wang P.H. Chen Y.T. Chang C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003; 305: 462-469Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar, 10Yang L. Lin H.K. Altuwaijri S. Xie S. Wang L. Chang C. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 16820-16827Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar, 11Lin H.K. Yeh S. Kang H.Y. Chang C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 7200-7205Crossref PubMed Scopus (340) Google Scholar, 15Xie S. Lin H.K. Ni J. Yang L. Wang L. di Sant'Agnese P.A. Chang C. Prostate. 2004; 60: 61-67Crossref PubMed Scopus (42) Google Scholar). Here we further demonstrate that addition of LY294002 in LNCaP cells results in the increase of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA expression with DHT treatment (Fig. 1A). PSA is an androgen-induced target gene that has been used as a marker to monitor the progress of prostate cancer. This increase suggests that blockade of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway will enhance AR transactivation. To dissect the potential mechanism of how PI3K/Akt modulates AR transactivation, we treated LNCaP cells with LY294002 and applied Western blot analyses to detect the protein level of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt), PSA, and AR. As shown in Fig. 1B, pAkt was inhibited by LY294002 treatment, but PSA and AR protein levels were increased significantly, suggesting that blockade of PI3K/Akt pathway may enhance AR transactivation via the increase of AR protein expression. FOXO3a-TM Enhances AR Expression at the mRNA and Protein Levels—In our previous report we demonstrated that overexpression of Akt is able to phosphorylate AR and cause AR ubiquitination and degradation (16Lin H.-K. Wang L. Hu Y.-C. Altuwaijri S. Chang C. EMBO J. 2002; 21: 4037-4048Crossref PubMed Scopus (364) Google Scholar). However, this does not rule out the possibility that additional mechanisms exist between Akt and AR when the PI3K/Akt pathway is inhibited. To find out how inhibition of PI3K/Akt increases AR protein expression, we hypothesized that PI3K/Akt might also go through its downstream target gene(s) to modulate AR gene expression. The FOXO family of Forkhead factors, FOXO1, FOXO3a, and FOXO4, are direct downstream targets for Akt, and phosphorylation of the FOXO by Akt can result in the cytoplasmic retention with inactivation (7Burgering B.M. Kops G.J. Trends Biochem. Sci. 2002; 27: 352-360Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (624) Google Scholar). Early studies also showed LNCaP cells express these FOXO factors with the FOXO3a as the predominant one (8Modur V. Nagarajan R. Evers B.M. Milbrandt J. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 47928-47937Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (322) Google Scholar). In LNCaP cells, Akt is constitutively active, resulting in FOXO3a being constitutively phosphorylated and inactivated (6Birkenkamp K.U. Coffer P.J. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2003; 31: 292-297Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 17Kau T.R. Schroeder F. Ramaswamy S. Wojciechowski C.L. Zhao J.J. Roberts T.M. Clardy J. Sellers W.R. Silver P.A. Cancer Cell. 2003; 4: 463-476Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (316) Google Scholar). FOXO3a-TM is a constitutively active form of FOXO3a, with all three Akt phosphorylation sites (Thr-32, Ser-252, and Ser-314) mutated to alanine. Here we first transfected LNCaP cells with FOXO3a-WT or FOXO3a-TM and assayed for their influence on AR expression. As shown in Fig. 2A, FOXO3a-TM was located in the nucleus and FOXO3a-WT in the cytosol. Treatment with LY294002 caused FOXO3a-WT to translocate from the cytosol into the nucleus. Next we tested the effects of FOXO3a on AR expression. As shown in Fig. 2, B and C, both AR protein expression (by Western blot analysis) and AR mRNA expression (by real time PCR quantitation) were enhanced by transfected FOXO3a-TM, but not FOXO3a-WT, suggesting that the Akt downstream target FOXO3a might be able to modulate AR expression at both the mRNA and protein levels. The expression and phosphorylation of FOXO3a are shown by Western blot analysis in Fig. 2D. FOXO3a-TM Enhances AR Expression at the Transcriptional Level via Binding to the AR 5′ Promoter Region—A 3.6-kb AR 5′ promoter linked to a luciferase reporter was then used to test the potential influence of FOXO3a-TM on AR expression at the transcriptional level. As shown in Fig. 3A, in LNCaP cells, FOXO3a-TM, but not FOXO3a-WT, significantly enhanced AR 5′ promoter activity. Moreover, LY294002 treatment further enhanced AR 5′ promoter activity with or without transfection of FOXO3a-WT. To test if the enhanced AR expression by FOXO3a-TM also resulted in the enhancement of AR transactivation, we assayed its potential effects on ARE reporter activity. As shown in Fig. 3B, lower panel, FOXO3a-TM, but not FOXO3a-WT, enhanced AR transactivation by increasing the ARE reporter activity in LNCaP cells. Similarly enhanced effects were also observed, as shown in Fig. 3B, upper panel, when we replaced LNCaP cells with CWR22R, another prostate cancer cell line with active Akt (18Godoy-Tundidor S. Cavarretta I.T. Fuchs D. Fiechtl M. Steiner H. Friedbichler K. Bartsch G. Hobisch A. Culig Z. Prostate. 2005; 64: 209-216Crossref PubMed Scopus (47) Google Scholar). Although FOXO3a induces AR expression and enhances AR transactivation, it is still not clear whether FOXO3a is necessary for the LY294002-mediated effect on AR expression and transcription regulation. We constructed a FOXO3a siRNA plasmid and found it inhibited endogenous FOXO3a expression efficiently in LNCaP cells (Fig. 3C). However, LY294002 treated LNCaP cells, which had been transfected with FOXO3a-siRNA, still showed slightly increased expression of AR (Fig. 3D), indicating that FOXO3a is not the only mechanism for LY294002-mediated AR expression and activity. Previously we reported that Akt can phosphorylate AR to induce AR degradation. The inhibition of Akt stabilizes the AR protein (16Lin H.-K. Wang L. Hu Y.-C. Altuwaijri S. Chang C. EMBO J. 2002; 21: 4037-4048Crossref PubMed Scopus (364) Google Scholar). Therefore, other mechanisms, such as AR stability, may contribute to the observation that knocking down FOXO3a cannot completely abolish the LY294002 effect on AR expression. Sequence analysis of the AR 5′ promoter region found that it contains one putative FOXO3a consensus binding site, which is -1290 to -1297 (5′-TTGTTTCA-3′). We first performed EMSA to determine the DNA binding capacity of FOXO3a. The 35-bp double-stranded DNA oligonucleotide probe was added to nuclear extracts from LNCaP cells treated with either 20 μm LY294002 or vehicle. As shown in Fig. 4A, LNCaP cell nuclear extracts were generated and subjected to EMSA by using a probe encompassing the consensus FOXO3a binding site region mentioned above. Nuclear extracts from the vehicle or LY294002-treated cells yielded a slowly migrating band (as indicated by protein-DNA complex from Fig. 4A, lanes 2-5). Conversely, inclusion of an anti-FOXO3a antibody that results in a supershift band confirmed that this band was FOXO3a (Fig. 4A, lane 4). Thus, our in vitro data suggested that FOXO3a bound to the AR promoter. FOXO3a antibody did not completely abolish the DNA-protein complex, and the vehicle-treated nuclear extracts also showed the existence of a protein-DNA binding complex, suggesting other trans-factors may also bind to this region. Because the chromatin environment modulates transcription factor binding, an issue that cannot be addressed by EMSA, ChIP assays were undertaken to determine whether FOXO3a was bound to the endogenous AR promoter when PI3K/Akt was blocked. LNCaP cells were treated with 20 μm LY294002 for 24 h. DNA-protein complexes in the LNCaP cells were cross-linked in situ, and the chromatin was isolated and sheared. Subsequently, the chromatin was immunoprecipitated with the anti-FOXO3a antibody, and the DNA was purified and subjected to real time PCR for quantification using AR promoter-specific primers. As shown in Fig. 4B, this primer set specifically amplified a fragment of the predicted size. By using quantitative real time PCR, we found that the anti-FOXO3a antibody caused more than 3-fold up-regulation (Fig. 4C), suggesting that this transcription factor indeed is bound in vivo to the regulatory portion of the AR gene. A single amplification product was evident in the melting curve following the real time PCR, again confirming specificity of the assay for the AR promoter. Taken together, these findings suggest that LY294002 treatment caused the recruitment of FOXO3a to the AR promoter consensus sites, suggesting FOXO3a induces AR expression by binding directly to the AR promoter region. Figs. 3 and 4 both demonstrated that the Akt downstream target substrate, FOXO3a, is able to enhance AR expression at the transcriptional level via binding to the AR 5′ promoter region at a specific DNA binding consensus site. AR Plays Important Roles in LY294002-induced LNCaP Cell Apoptosis—What are the potential consequences after the Akt down-stream target substrate, FOXO3a, exerts its effects on the increase of AR expression and AR transactivation? One possibility is that induced AR expression and AR transactivation might be able to protect LNCaP cells from apoptosis because of the loss of PI3K/Akt activity. Early reports showed that the PI3K/Akt pathway was a dominant survival factor in LNCaP cells (19Lin J. Adam R.M. Santiestevan E. Freeman M.R. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 2891-2897PubMed Google Scholar). Inhibition of PI3K activity by LY294002 would lead to the induction of apoptosis in androgen-deprived LNCaP cells, but the addition of androgen would rescue the cells from LY294002-induced apoptosis. It is therefore conceivable that the inhibition of PI3K/Akt by LY294002 might lead to the induction of apoptosis as well as the activation of the Akt downstream target, FOXO3a. The activated, nonphosphorylated form of FOXO3a would then translocate into the nucleus and be able to bind to the AR 5′ promoter, to enhance AR expression and AR transactivation after the cells were supplied with androgens. This could be one of the reasons that the addition of androgen can rescue LY294002-induced apoptosis. To test the above hypothesis, assuming AR can play protective roles in LNCaP cell apoptosis (20Altuwaijri S. Lin H.-K. Chuang K.-H. Lin W.-J. Yeh S. Hanchett L.A. Rahman M.M. Kang H.-Y. Tsai M.-Y. Zhang Y. Yang L. Chang C. Cancer Res. 2003; 63: 7106-7112PubMed Google Scholar), we applied RNA interference strategy to reduce AR protein amounts, and we examined the subsequent effects on the LY294002-induced cell apoptosis. AR siRNA plasmid was constructed previously (12Yeh S. Hu Y.-C. Wang P.-H. Xie C. Xu Q. Tsai M.-Y. Dong Z. Wang R.-S. Lee T.-H. Chang C. J. Exp. Med. 2003; 198: 1899-1908Crossref PubMed Scopus (129) Google Scholar). As shown in Fig. 5A, Western blot analysis showed that AR siRNA significantly suppressed AR protein expression. By using flow cytometric assay with propidium iodide staining (Fig. 5B), we found that under normal growth medium culture conditions, the addition of LY294002 leads to cell arrest but not to cell death. It was shown that LY294002 increased cell G1 arrest from 56.3 (EtOH treatment control) to 88.0% (Fig. 5C). Most interestingly, knocking down AR by siRNA caused 51.0% of the cells to enter sub-G1 phase, and also caused an increase in G2 arrest in the remaining cells. Co-transfection of AR siRNA plus LY294002 treatment further induced cell apoptosis. As shown in Fig. 5D, 65.7% of cells under-went apoptosis, suggesting that AR existence in the cells plays an important protective role for LY294002-induced cell apoptosis. Although the relationship between AR and Akt remains controversial, a variety of mechanisms has been suggested to account for how Akt influences AR signaling pathways. These include the following: 1) Akt directly interacts with AR and then suppresses AR activity (9Yang L. Wang L. Lin H.K. Kan P.Y. Xie S. Tsai M.Y. Wang P.H. Chen Y.T. Chang C. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2003; 305: 462-469Crossref PubMed Scopus (142) Google Scholar, 10Yang L. Lin H.K. Altuwaijri S. Xie S. Wang L. Chang C. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 16820-16827Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (55) Google Scholar, 11Lin H.K. Yeh S. Kang H.Y. Chang C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2001; 98: 7200-7205Crossref PubMed Scopus (340) Google Scholar, 21Thompson J. Koskinen P.J. Janne O.A. Palvimo J.J. 84th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society. 2002; (San Francisco, CA, June 19-22, 2002, The Endocrine Society, Chevy Chase, MD)Google Scholar); 2) Akt directly interacts with AR and then enhances AR activity in a ligand-independent manner (22Wen Y. Hu M.C. Makino K. Spohn B. Bartholomeusz G. Yan D.H. Hung M.C. Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 6841-6845PubMed Google Scholar); 3) Akt indirectly enhances AR transactivation via the inhibition of GSK3β, the downstream substrate of PI3K/Akt, protein kinase A, and mitogen-activated protein kinase; GSK3β was found to suppress directly AR transactivation (23Wang L. Lin H.-K. Hu Y.-C. Xie S. Yang L. Chang C. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 32444-32452Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar); and 4) Akt indirectly enhances AR transactivation by inhibiting GSK3β to positively regulate β-catenin (24Sharma M. Chuang W.W. Sun Z. J. Biol. Chem. 2002; 277: 30935-30941Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (264) Google Scholar). β-Catenin has been reported as a ligand-dependent AR co-activator (25Truica C.I. Byers S. Gelmann E.P. Cancer Res. 2000; 60: 4709-4713PubMed Google Scholar). With different ligand requirements to influence AR activity, GSK3β and β-catenin may cooperate but also may act independently to modulate AR activity at different levels (23Wang L. Lin H.-K. Hu Y.-C. Xie S. Yang L. Chang C. J. Biol. Chem. 2004; 279: 32444-32452Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (87) Google Scholar). How Akt influences AR may depend on cell physiological conditions. Recently, we found Akt either suppresses or enhances AR activity, depending on the LNCaP cell passage number (26Lin H.-K. Hu Y.-C. Yang L. Altuwaijri S. Chen Y.-T. Kang H.-Y. Chang C. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278: 50902-50907Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (156) Google Scholar). In this study, by using LNCaP cells with a passage number less than 35 for all the experiments, we confirmed that the PI3K/Akt inhibitor, LY294002, strongly enhanced AR expression and activity. It is unlikely that GSK3β and β-catenin play the dominant role; otherwise, LY394002 should reduce AR expression. In addition to our finding that Akt can directly suppress AR function, our current studies suggest that FOXO3a, a substrate of Akt, might be one of the mediators linking PI3K/Akt and AR. The FOXO3a binding consensus sequence has been reported as TTGTTTAC (27Furuyama T. Nakazawa T. Nakano I. Mori N. Biochem. J. 2000; 349: 629-634Crossref PubMed Scopus (558) Google Scholar). Most interestingly, we found that the AR promoter contains a putative FOXO3a-responsive element located from -1290 to -1297 (5′-TTGTTTCA-3′). In this study, both EMSA and ChIP assays demonstrated that FOXO3a could directly bind to the AR promoter through this consensus sequence. This finding strongly supports our hypothesis that PI3K/Akt can communicate with AR via FOXO3a. LNCaP is a PTEN-null prostate cancer cell line that contains constitutively active Akt. Accordingly, FOXO3a could be constitutively phosphorylated and inactivated as a result of PI3K/Akt signaling (6Birkenkamp K.U. Coffer P.J. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2003; 31: 292-297Crossref PubMed Google Scholar, 17Kau T.R. Schroeder F. Ramaswamy S. Wojciechowski C.L. Zhao J.J. Roberts T.M. Clardy J. Sellers W.R. Silver P.A. Cancer Cell. 2003; 4: 463-476Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (316) Google Scholar). PI3K/Akt has been reported as a dominant growth factor-activated cell survival pathway in LNCaP cells (19Lin J. Adam R.M. Santiestevan E. Freeman M.R. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 2891-2897PubMed Google Scholar). It is suggested that the inhibition of PI3K/Akt should result in cell apoptosis. Indeed, under serum-free medium culture conditions, LY294002 induced LNCaP cell apoptosis (19Lin J. Adam R.M. Santiestevan E. Freeman M.R. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 2891-2897PubMed Google Scholar). However, androgen can rescue LNCaP from LY294002-induced apoptosis (19Lin J. Adam R.M. Santiestevan E. Freeman M.R. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 2891-2897PubMed Google Scholar, 28Torring N. Dagnaes-Hansen F. Sorensen B.S. Nexo E. Hynes N.E. Prostate. 2003; 56: 142-149Crossref PubMed Scopus (41) Google Scholar). Here we found that AR plays a critical role for this protection. Knocking down AR expression by AR siRNA caused LNCaP cell death, and the blocking of the PI3K/Akt pathway together with knocking down AR expression further induced LNCaP cell apoptosis. Based on our findings, we provide a model to interpret how PI3K/Akt communicates with AR (Fig. 6). Under normal conditions, Akt is constitutively activated in LNCaP cells, which leads to the phosphorylation and inactivation of FOXO3a. When PI3K/Akt is inhibited by LY294002, FOXO3a translocates into the nucleus and binds to the AR promoter and then induces AR gene expression to protect LNCaP cells from apoptosis. However, we cannot rule out other possible mechanisms; for example, it has been reported that AR may form a complex with FOXO1, another Forkhead transcription factor, to inhibit FOXO1 DNA binding ability, resulting in the repression of FOXO1-induced genes expression to protect cell from apoptosis (29Li P. Lee H. Guo S. Unterman T.G. Jenster G. Bai W. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003; 23: 104-118Crossref PubMed Scopus (139) Google Scholar). Several recent reports also correlated the relationship between Akt and AR signaling in prostate cancer. The phosphorylated form of Akt is predominantly expressed in prostate cancer tissue, and almost no expression is in non-neoplastic tissues of the patients (30Ayala G. Thompson T. Yang G. Frolov A. Li R. Scardino P. Ohori M. Wheeler T. Harper W. Clin. Cancer Res. 2004; 10: 6572-6578Crossref PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar). Moreover, the phosphorylated forms of Akt levels are significantly higher in patients with a high Gleason score of 8 and above than with the other grades of prostate cancer (31Malik S.N. Brattain M. Ghosh P.M. Troyer D.A. Prihoda T. Bedolla R. Kreisberg J.I. Clin. Cancer Res. 2002; 8: 1168-1171PubMed Google Scholar). Meanwhile, the majority of androgen-independent prostate cancers still express functional AR (1Feldman B.J. Feldman D. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2001; 1: 34-45Crossref PubMed Scopus (1976) Google Scholar), which remains crucial for prostate cancer cell survival, even at the hormone refractory stage after androgen deprivation (33Zegarra-Moro O.L. Schmidt L.J. Huang H. Tindall D.J. Cancer Res. 2002; 62: 1008-1013PubMed Google Scholar). Recently, it was reported that in a rat prostate cancer model, increased phospho-Akt is associated with loss of AR during the progression of prostate carcinogenesis induced with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (34Liao Z. Wang S. Boileau T.W. Erdman J.W.J. Clinton S.K. Prostate. 2005; 64: 186-199Crossref PubMed Scopus (21) Google Scholar). This finding indirectly supports our hypothesis that Akt plays an important role in AR gene expression in vivo. However, our model still needs to be examined directly by in vivo evidence. Despite the extensive studies on modulation of AR functions (35Heinlein C.A. Chang C. Endocr. Rev. 2004; 25: 276-308Crossref PubMed Scopus (1324) Google Scholar), transcription regulation of the AR gene expression remains largely untouched (36Keller E.T. Ershler W.B. Chang C. Front. Biosci. 1996; 1: 59-71Crossref PubMed Scopus (128) Google Scholar, 37Lee D.K. Chang C. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003; 88: 4043-4054Crossref PubMed Scopus (131) Google Scholar). The AR 5′ upstream promoter region does not contain a typical TATA box, a binding site for the general transcription factor TFIID/TFIID-binding protein (38Takane K.K. McPhaul M.J. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 1996; 119: 83Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar). The AR promoter region contains Sp1-binding sites, cAMP-response element in the human AR gene, and the NF1 site in the rat AR gene. Sp1 has been reported to recruit the TFIID/TFIID-binding protein and mediate the transcription from the TATA-less promoters (37Lee D.K. Chang C. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003; 88: 4043-4054Crossref PubMed Scopus (131) Google Scholar, 38Takane K.K. McPhaul M.J. Mol. Cell Endocrinol. 1996; 119: 83Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar, 39Ren F. Zhang S. Mitchell S.H. Butler R. Young C.Y. Oncogene. 2000; 19: 1924-1932Crossref PubMed Scopus (131) Google Scholar, 40Mizokami A. Yeh S.Y. Chang C. Mol. Endocrinol. 1994; 8: 77-88Crossref PubMed Scopus (78) Google Scholar, 41Song C.S. Jung M.H. Supakar P.C. Chatterjee B. Roy A.K. Mol. Endocrinol. 1999; 13: 1487-1496Crossref PubMed Scopus (20) Google Scholar). Until now, few transcription factors other than general transcriptional machinery have been identified to regulate AR promoter activity (32Zhang L. Charron M. Wright W.W. Chatterjee B. Song C.S. Roy A.K. Brown T.R. Endocrinology. 2004; 145: 781-789Crossref PubMed Scopus (46) Google Scholar). Here we report that the AR gene expression can be regulated by FOXO3a at the transcriptional level. Under certain physiological conditions when the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway is inhibited, FOXO3a induces AR expression at both the protein and mRNA levels. Our EMSA and ChIP assays demonstrated that FOXO3a directly binds to the AR 5′ promoter, suggesting FOXO3a can directly regulate AR gene transcription. In summary, when survival factor Akt activity is inhibited, FOXO3a may up-regulate AR expression and function to protect the cells from apoptosis, suggesting a critical role for FOXO3a in maintaining LNCaP cellular homeostasis. These results may have significant implications for targeting both androgen receptor and Akt in human prostate cancer therapy. We are grateful to Drs. M. Greenberg and C. Y. Young for their reagents. We thank Karen Wolf and Hector Avila for helpful reading of the manuscript. We also thank the members in Dr. Chang's laboratory for technical support and insightful discussion." @default.
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• W2158889317 title "Induction of Androgen Receptor Expression by Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt Downstream Substrate, FOXO3a, and Their Roles in Apoptosis of LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells" @default.
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