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• W2159515749 abstract "C4 photosynthesis is a physiological syndrome resulting from multiple anatomical and biochemical components, which function together to increase the CO2 concentration around Rubisco and reduce photorespiration. It evolved independently multiple times and C4 plants now dominate many biomes, especially in the tropics and subtropics. The C4 syndrome comes in many flavours, with numerous phenotypic realizations of C4 physiology and diverse ecological strategies. In this work, we analyse the events that happened in a C3 context and enabled C4 physiology in the descendants, those that generated the C4 physiology, and those that happened in a C4 background and opened novel ecological niches. Throughout the manuscript, we evaluate the biochemical and physiological evidence in a phylogenetic context, which demonstrates the importance of contingency in evolutionary trajectories and shows how these constrained the realized phenotype. We then discuss the physiological innovations that allowed C4 plants to escape these constraints for two important dimensions of the ecological niche – growth rates and distribution along climatic gradients. This review shows that a comprehensive understanding of C4 plant ecology can be achieved by accounting for evolutionary processes spread over millions of years, including the ancestral condition, functional convergence via independent evolutionary trajectories, and physiological diversification. Contents Summary 765 I. Introduction 765 II. Which properties are common to all C4 plants? 767 III. What is unique to C4 plants? 768 IV. What happened before C4 physiology? 768 V. What happened during the transition to C4 photosynthesis? 770 VI. What happened after C4 evolution? 771 VII. Contingency and the ecological diversity of C4 plants 773 VIII. Conclusions 777 Acknowledgements 777 References 777" @default.
• W2159515749 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2159515749 creator A5019323378 @default.
• W2159515749 creator A5080087966 @default.
• W2159515749 date "2014-09-26" @default.
• W2159515749 modified "2023-10-18" @default.
• W2159515749 title "The evolutionary ecology of C ₄ plants" @default.
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