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• W216019404 abstract "Introduction: Recent observations made by the Shallow Radar (SHARAD) onboard Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter have provided stratigraphic evidence for migration of the spiral troughs that cover the North Polar Layered Deposits (NPLD) [1]. Internal radar reflectors were used to demonstrate that the spiral troughs formed during two distinct periods separated by hundreds of meters of ice accumulation and have migrated northward and upward during a period of net deposition (Figure 1). This constructional origin was as hypothesized by Alan Howard in 1982 [2] based on Viking imagery, in contrast to many later studies that asserted the troughs were incised into existing stratigraphy. Smith and Holt [1] argued that after a long period of trough non-existence in the NPLD, wind, combined with atmospheric deposition of new material was one of the primary agents of trough initiation and evolution, eventually causing increased amplitudes and migration. They also proposed that a punctuated change in climate, combined with favorable topographic relief, made conditions suitable for troughs to develop before each onset. Once the troughs initiated, winds transported material transversely across the troughs during times of deposition, causing the upwind and uphill migration, identified by stratigraphic discontinuities called trough migration paths (TMPs) and a varying thickness of radar reflectors. The troughs quickly grew to a steady state in amplitude and have maintained a constant wavelength. Here we extend those observations [1] and offer new insights into the conditions responsible for trough initiation. Additionally, we discuss the role of wind in material transport and provide a new metric for constraining flow parameters by comparing the troughs to terrestrial analogues that are better understood through both physical and numerical models. We attempt to introduce both the temporal and spatial constraints that will likely provide new constraints for meso-scale and higher-resolution models related to climate within the last several million years. We see this as an important step in understanding the history of ice and climate on Mars. Methods: The bulk of this work is conducted by interpreting radar data collected by SHARAD. SHARAD operates at frequencies between 15 and 25 MHz and is capable of observing reflections beneath the NPLD surface with resolution of approximately 10 m in water ice, the primary component of the NPLD [3]. Reflectors are traced within individual radargrams and across multiple radargrams in order to create isochrone maps of former surfaces of the NPLD. Mapping of reflectors is undertaken in the original time-delay data, before any depth conversion, using Schlumberger’s GeoFrame seismic interpretation software. Software generated in-house converts the time-based interpretations to depth and spatially locates the point of first reflection and subsequent subsurface reflectors. ArcGIS is then used to create maps and generate ancillary data. Trough Initiation: At least two trough initiation surfaces (TIS) can be observed by radar data within the uppermost 500m of the NPLD. The older TIS is approximately 1500 m above the base of the NPLD and overlies about three fourths of the entire deposit. On that surface the majority of spiral troughs formed. The second and younger TIS is stratigraphically higher than that of the first and covers a distinct region of the NPLD from 25° to 100° east and south of 85° north (Figure 2). No older troughs appear in this region." @default.
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• W216019404 date "2011-02-01" @default.
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• W216019404 title "Implications for Current and Past atmospheric Conditions of Mars from Radar Stratigraphic Studies of Spiral Troughs in the North Polar Layered Deposits" @default.
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