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- W2162821717 abstract "In the past thirty years throughout Europe, the Americas and more sporadically elsewhere the issue of how to institute some democratic control over security intelligence agencies has steadily permeated the political agenda. There have been two main reasons for this change. In what might be described as the ‘old’ democracies (North America, Western Europe, Australia and New Zealand) the main impetus for change was scandal involving abuses of power and rights by the agencies. Typically, these gave rise to legislative or judicial enquiries that resulted in new legal and oversight structures for the agencies, some of these achieved by statutes, others by executive orders. The best known examples of these are the U.S. congressional enquiries during 1975-76 (chaired by Senator Church and Representative Pike), Justice McDonald’s enquiry into the RCMP Security Service in Canada (1977-81) and Justice Hope’s into the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (1976-77, 1984-85). Elsewhere, this shift has been a central, and sometimes painful, aspect of the democratisation of formerly authoritarian regimes, both civilian and military. For example, the death of Franco in 1976 precipitated democratisation in Spain that included the de-militarisation of intelligence2. Military rule ended in Brazil in 1985 though the military dominated National Intelligence Service (SNI) was not replaced until 1990 as part of a continuing process of de-militarisation (Cepik & Antunes, 2001). During" @default.
- W2162821717 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2162821717 date "2003-01-01" @default.
- W2162821717 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
- W2162821717 title "DEMOCRATIC AND PARLIAMENTARY ACCOUNTABILITY OF INTELLIGENCE SERVICES AFTER SEPTEMBER 11 TH" @default.
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