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- W2163612410 endingPage "992" @default.
- W2163612410 startingPage "985" @default.
- W2163612410 abstract "All living cells routinely expel Na + ions, maintaining lower concentration of Na + in the cytoplasm than in the surrounding milieu. In the vast majority of bacteria, as well as in mitochondria and chloroplasts, export of Na + occurs at the expense of the proton-motive force. Some bacteria, however, possess primary generators of the transmembrane electrochemical gradient of Na + (sodium-motive force). These primary Na + pumps have been traditionally seen as adaptations to high external pH or to high temperature. Subsequent studies revealed, however, the mechanisms for primary sodium pumping in a variety of non-extremophiles, such as marine bacteria and certain bacterial pathogens. Further, many alkaliphiles and hyperthermophiles were shown to rely on H + , not Na + , as the coupling ion. We review here the recent progress in understanding the role of sodium-motive force, including (i) the conclusion on evolutionary primacy of the sodium-motive force as energy intermediate, (ii) the mechanisms, evolutionary advantages and limitations of switching from Na + to H + as the coupling ion, and (iii) the possible reasons why certain pathogenic bacteria still rely on the sodium-motive force." @default.
- W2163612410 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W2163612410 creator A5046997776 @default.
- W2163612410 creator A5052928077 @default.
- W2163612410 creator A5077552473 @default.
- W2163612410 date "2008-07-01" @default.
- W2163612410 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
- W2163612410 title "The past and present of sodium energetics: May the sodium-motive force be with you" @default.
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