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• W2165771317 abstract "The Broadlands-Ohaaki geothermal system is a boiling hydrothermal systemhosted by a sequence of Quaternary felsic volcanic rocks and Mesozoicmetasediments. More than 50 wells have been drilled (400 to >2,600 m deep) toassess the geothermal potential for the production of electricity. Fluids andprecipitates sampled from wells, along with descriptions of the alterationminerals in more than 500 drill cores, provide a three-dimensional picture ofthe distribution of fluid types and secondary minerals. Interpretation of thesefeatures and the distribution of gold and silver highlight the relationshipbetween alteration and mineralization in an active, low-sulfidation epithermalenvironment. Quartz, illite, K feldspar (adularia), albite, chlorite, calcite, and pyriteare the main hydrothermal minerals that occur in the deep central upflow zone at>250°C and>600 m depth. These minerals form through recrystallization of the volcanichost rocks and incorporation of H 2 O, CO 2 , and H 2 Sin the presence of a deeply derived chloride water containing ~1,000 mg/kg Cland ~26,400 mg/kg CO 2 . At the same time, and on the periphery of theupflow zone, illite, smectite, calcite, and siderite form through hydroliticalteration in the presence of CO 2 -rich steam-heated waters thatcontain 2 . Upward and outwardfrom the deep central upflow zone, mineral patterns reflect the shift fromrock-dominated to fluid-dominated alteration and the prevailing influence ofboiling, mixing, and cooling on fluid-mineral equilibria. Accordingly, theabundance of quartz and K feldspar increase toward the upflow zone, whereas clayabundance increases toward the margin of the upflow zone (with smectitedominating at 200°C); the abundance ofchlorite, pyrite, and calcite varies here, but albite is absent. Geothermal production wells with high fluid fluxes are the main sites ofprecious-metal mineralization. The deep chloride water (with or without minoramounts of vapor) enters the well at depths >500 m and undergoes a pressuredrop that causes boiling. As a result, precious metals precipitate andaccumulate as scales on back-pressure plates or as detritus in surface weirboxes; these deposits contain 1,000 mg/kg Au, 10,000 mg/kg Ag and ~10 to ~1,000 mg/kg As and Sb, each. Within productionwells, platy calcite deposits as a scale at the site of first boiling near thefluid feed point, while crustiform-colloform-banded amorphous silica deposits insurface pipe work. By contrast, the hydrothermally altered host rocks containlow concentrations of gold, ranging from <0.01 to 1.0 mg/kg Au (68 analyses),and these correlate positively with arsenic (<100 to ~5,000 mg/kg) andantimony ( Reaction path modeling using SOLVEQ and CHILLER shows that calcite, Kfeldspar, gold, and amorphous silica deposit in sequence from a chloride waterthat cools along an adiabatic boiling path (300° to 100°C), analogous to fluidflow in a production well. By contrast, calcite, quartz, K mica, and pyritedeposit from a chloride water that cools due to mixing with CO 2 -richsteam-heated waters; dilution prevents precipitation of precious metals. Thusfield observations and reaction path modeling demonstrate that boiling is themain process influencing the deposition of precious metals. The results of this study show how peripheral hydrolytic alteration by CO 2 -richsteam-heated waters relate to propylitic and potassic alteration by chloridewaters in the epithermal environment of a hydrothermal system. Both thedistribution of alteration mineral assemblages associated with the differentwater types and the broad-scale distribution of temperature-sensitive smectiteand illite reflect the location of the upflow zone. On a local scale, theoccurrence of platy calcite, crustiform-colloform silica, and K feldspar inveins indicates the existence of boiling conditions conducive to precious-metaldeposition." @default.
• W2165771317 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2165771317 creator A5025343066 @default.
• W2165771317 creator A5075735752 @default.
• W2165771317 date "2000-08-01" @default.
• W2165771317 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
• W2165771317 title "Hydrothermal Minerals and Precious Metals in the Broadlands-Ohaaki Geothermal System: Implications for Understanding Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Environments" @default.
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• W2165771317 doi "https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.95.5.971" @default.
• W2165771317 hasPublicationYear "2000" @default.
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