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- W2165896484 abstract "tomy in rats was followed by an increase in insulin resistance, which was determined using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp techniques. Estrogen replacement, with or without progesterone, restored insulin sensitivity (18). Similarly, estrogen withdrawal augmented fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin levels in juvenile rats that were made insulin resistant and hypertensive with a sucrose diet (19). Hormonal replacement in postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys has yielded different results: progestins, alone or with estrogens, were associated with greater insulin resistance, which was assessed using the minimal model after a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test (20). The theme that hyperglycemia is atherogenic and partly androgenic is gaining acceptance, but the metabolic issues are complex. ERT has been associated with lower androgen levels and less insulin resistance in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes (21,22). Conversely, total estrogen levels were reported to be increased in postmenopausal women with insulintreated diabetes, and high levels of sex hormone-binding globulin were thought to keep the free fraction of the sex hormone levels within normal limits (23). The polycystic ovary syndrome, typified by high levels of androgens, hyperglycemia, oligomenorrhea, and infertility, represents a condition in which glycemia and androgens foster a milieu that increases the risk for cardiovascular disease (24,25). The estrogen/androgen balance and menstrual irregularity may also be tipped unfavorably by obesity, diabetes, and cigarette smoking before menopause (26-28). It has been suggested that diabetic women taking insulin before menopause may experience shorter periods of fertility and a higher incidence of menstrual disturbances compared with nondiabetic women. The current investigation has limita" @default.
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- W2165896484 date "1998-10-01" @default.
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- W2165896484 title "Do Estrogens Reduce Glycemic Levels?" @default.
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- W2165896484 doi "https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.21.10.1585" @default.
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