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• W2166237306 abstract "Anusim Women in MexicoThe immigration of anusim or crypto-Jews to New Spain took place from 1492 to 1700. The first to arrive came from Spain with the conquerors and colonizers; anusim started to arrive in 1580. Hostility and secrecy played an important role in the adaptation of anusim to life in America because they had to keep their religion in secret. Mexico offered a familiar culture and the possibility of contact with the mother country. Family structure was centered upon the mother. The role women played in the preservation of Judaism was very important, since they were responsible for the way in which the religion was passed on through several centuries even when they were isolated from centers of worship.Along with the Spaniards who came to New Spain came Conversos (Jews who had converted to Christianity voluntarily, to achieve success) and anusim (Jews who had converted to Christianity under threat of death or expulsion). In Spain forced conversion began in the fourteenth century, and those Jews who had left Spain for Portugal in their attempt to remain Jewish were forcibly converted in Portugal in 1497. Because this conversion was more recent than that in Spain, and because these Jewish families had fled to Portugal precisely to retain their heritage, anusim were more steeped in Jewish law and tradition than those who had remained in Spain and converted. Many maintained Jewish practices in secret and were persecuted by the Inquisition.The immigration of New Christians of Jewish origin to the New World took place between 1492, when the Jews were expelled from Spain, and 1700. The first to arrive in the New World came with the conquerors and colonizers. Many were searching for a place far away from the Holy Tribunal of the Inquisition, first established in Spain in 1480 and later in Portugal in 1536.(1) These groups then began leaving Portugal for Spain, and from there to New Spain. When Portugal became part of the Spanish Crown in 1580, the floodgates of direct migration to New Spain were opened for anusim. A huge wave of these crypto-Jews sought refuge from the Inquisition's persecutions in the newly conquered lands, so many that the word Portuguese was sometimes used interchangeably with the word Jew.(2)Getting to New Spain was not easy. The forging of false permits became a skill, and the punishments imposed only served to drive up the cost of creating them. For the so-called foreigners (among them the before 1580), passage to the Indies was banned. But there was always a way to get around the edicts to get permits or a royal certificate of naturalization. The requirements changed with the times. At first, a 10-year residence in New Spain and marriage to a local woman was a requirement. But this later changed to 20 years. On the other hand, one could purchase an individual in other ways, such as holding a title, or by paying what was called a composicion, an extension of the permit that allowed legal entry to the Indies.It is difficult to obtain a clear picture of the lives of Jews expelled from the Iberian Peninsula who came to the New World under false names and permits, because these went undetected by the Church. On the other hand, those who continued to practice and were tried by the Inquisition can be studied through their trials, which provide rich sources of information about their lives, their adaptation, and the secrecy in which they practiced their customs.(3)Hostility and secrecy played an important role in the adaptation of New Christians to life in the Americas. For those who gave up their Jewish religion, there were no obstacles to colonial life. But a large number kept their religion secret; they were Catholics in public, but privately they were Jews. The anusim who emigrated to America instead of going to Turkey, Holland, or Italy, where they could continue to be Jews, lived their lives like Spaniards and chose not to renounce their hispanicity. …" @default.
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• W2166237306 date "1999-01-01" @default.
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• W2166237306 title "Anusim Women in Mexico" @default.
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• W2166237306 doi "https://doi.org/10.1353/sho.1999.0119" @default.
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