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- W2166766769 abstract "The mechanism of cell death triggered by C<sub>2</sub>-ceramide was investigated using the NB16 neuroblastoma cell line. Treatment of NB16 cells with 20 μM C<sub>2</sub>-ceramide for 20 h resulted in approximately 75% loss of cell viability, but only 25% of cells were scored as apoptotic based on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase nick-end labeling. Ultrastructural analysis revealed early development of necrotic cytoplasmic vacuolization. After 20 h of treatment with C<sub>2</sub>-ceramide, the majority of cells possessed necrotic morphology with pronounced cytoplasmic vacuolization and without any nuclear changes, although a quarter of the cell population also exhibited clear perinuclear chromatin condensation characteristic of apoptosis. Flow cytometric analysis of cells labeled with both annexin V and propidium iodide showed the rapid accumulation of C<sub>2</sub>-ceramide–treated cells in the necrotic/late apoptotic fraction. In contrast, cells treated with tumor necrosis factor α plus cycloheximide (TNFα + CHX) first appeared in the early apoptotic fraction and then accumulated in the necrotic/late apoptotic fraction. Both C<sub>2</sub>-ceramide and TNFα + CHX increased caspase 8- and 3-like activities in cytosolic extracts; however, treatment of cells with the broad-spectrum caspase inhibitor <i>N</i>-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone protected NB16 cells from TNFα + CHX-induced cell death but did not prevent C<sub>2</sub>-ceramide cytotoxicity. Although C<sub>2</sub>-ceramide triggered apoptosis in a fraction of the cells, cell death in the population was primarily caused by necrosis. Thus, C<sub><i>2</i></sub>-ceramide does not faithfully mimic the effects of apoptotic ligands such as TNFα, which are thought to be mediated by an accumulation of endogenous ceramide. The inhibition of phosphatidylcholine synthesis is a target for C<sub>2</sub>-ceramide–mediated cytotoxicity, and this work suggests that other agents that kill cells by inhibiting this pathway may also use a mixture of mechanisms, including necrosis as well as apoptosis." @default.
- W2166766769 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W2166766769 date "2003-07-17" @default.
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- W2166766769 title "Prevalence of Necrosis in C<sub>2</sub>-Ceramide–Induced Cytotoxicity in NB16 Neuroblastoma Cells" @default.
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- W2166766769 doi "https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.64.2.502" @default.
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