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• W2167339730 endingPage "486" @default.
• W2167339730 startingPage "459" @default.
• W2167339730 abstract "Summary. It seems unlikely that the lower mantle is not involved in motions related to plate tectonics. The evidence relating to several alleged obstacles to lower-mantle convection is reviewed. The evidence for a chemical composition difference between the upper and lower mantle is not compelling. There now seems to be good evidence that the viscosity of the mantle is fairly uniform, contrary to a widely-held view, except possibly in the oceanic upper mantle. Phase changes may locally enhance or retard thermal convection, but are unlikely to prevent it. It is not necessary to assume that descending lithospheric slabs cannot penetrate below 700 km depth in order to explain the distribution and source mechanisms of deep earthquakes. Other recent seismic evidence suggests deep-mantle heterogeneities which may be related to large-scale flow. The behaviour of some simple layered-fluid models is analysed to show the effect of viscosity contrasts. The results indicate that the lower mantle would have to be 10000 times more viscous than the upper mantle in order to confine thermal convection to the upper mantle. The lower mantle would have to be at least 1000 times more viscous than the upper mantle in order to exclude viscous flow entrained by the moving plates. Alternatively, a shallow low-viscosity hyer would have to be about 10 000 times less viscous than the underlying mantle for the 'return' flow to be confined to it. These and other results indicate that only extreme viscosity contrasts (arising from non-linear or temperature-dependent rheology, for instance, as well as from different physical states) significantly affect large-scale flow patterns, and that flow patterns are strongly affected by moving boundaries. A version of whole-mantle thermal convection is proposed which seems to be capable of explaining the main features of plate tectonics: the buoyancy forces are concentrated in, but not confined to, the descending lithospheric slabs. Descending slabs would then cause their attached plates to move rapidly, as in the Elsasser model. The flow entrained by the fast plates would dominate the flow pattern in the mantle: convection cells under fast plates would be amplified; those under other plates would have smaller amplitudes and would fit between the fast cells. This model can qualitatively account for" @default.
• W2167339730 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2167339730 creator A5003805866 @default.
• W2167339730 date "1977-05-01" @default.
• W2167339730 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W2167339730 title "Whole-mantle convection and plate tectonics" @default.
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