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• W2167459216 abstract "Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia and increases with age. 1 Benjamin E.J. Levy D. Vaziri S.M. D'Agostino R.B. Belanger A.J. Wolf P.A. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 1994; 271: 840-844 Crossref PubMed Scopus (2520) Google Scholar , 2 Krahn A.D. Manfreda J. Tate R.B. Mathewson F.A. Cuddy T.E. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med. 1995; 98: 476-484 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1261) Google Scholar , 3 Frost L. Hune L.J. Vestergaard P. Overweight and obesity as risk factors for atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Am J Med. 2005; 118: 489-495 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (352) Google Scholar , 4 Wilhelmsen L. Rosengren A. Lappas G. Hospitalizations for atrial fibrillation in the general male population: morbidity and risk factors. J Intern Med. 2001; 250: 382-389 Crossref PubMed Scopus (154) Google Scholar The incident factors of AF have been reported to be valvular disease, heart failure, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome. 1 Benjamin E.J. Levy D. Vaziri S.M. D'Agostino R.B. Belanger A.J. Wolf P.A. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 1994; 271: 840-844 Crossref PubMed Scopus (2520) Google Scholar , 2 Krahn A.D. Manfreda J. Tate R.B. Mathewson F.A. Cuddy T.E. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med. 1995; 98: 476-484 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1261) Google Scholar , 3 Frost L. Hune L.J. Vestergaard P. Overweight and obesity as risk factors for atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Am J Med. 2005; 118: 489-495 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (352) Google Scholar , 4 Wilhelmsen L. Rosengren A. Lappas G. Hospitalizations for atrial fibrillation in the general male population: morbidity and risk factors. J Intern Med. 2001; 250: 382-389 Crossref PubMed Scopus (154) Google Scholar However, the relationship between smoking and AF remains controversial. 1 Benjamin E.J. Levy D. Vaziri S.M. D'Agostino R.B. Belanger A.J. Wolf P.A. Independent risk factors for atrial fibrillation in a population-based cohort The Framingham Heart Study. JAMA. 1994; 271: 840-844 Crossref PubMed Scopus (2520) Google Scholar , 2 Krahn A.D. Manfreda J. Tate R.B. Mathewson F.A. Cuddy T.E. The natural history of atrial fibrillation: incidence, risk factors, and prognosis in the Manitoba Follow-Up Study. Am J Med. 1995; 98: 476-484 Abstract Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (1261) Google Scholar , 3 Frost L. Hune L.J. Vestergaard P. Overweight and obesity as risk factors for atrial fibrillation or flutter: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Am J Med. 2005; 118: 489-495 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (352) Google Scholar , 4 Wilhelmsen L. Rosengren A. Lappas G. Hospitalizations for atrial fibrillation in the general male population: morbidity and risk factors. J Intern Med. 2001; 250: 382-389 Crossref PubMed Scopus (154) Google Scholar , 5 Heeringa J. Kors J.A. Hofman A. van Rooij F.J. Witteman J.C. Cigarette smoking and risk of atrial fibrillation: the Rotterdam Study. Am Heart J. 2008; 156: 1163-1169 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (144) Google Scholar Smoking clearly predisposes to atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, and heart failure. 6 Goette A. Lendeckel U. Kuchenbecker A. et al. Cigarette smoking induces atrial fibrosis in humans via nicotine. Heart. 2007; 93: 1056-1063 Crossref PubMed Scopus (110) Google Scholar Nicotine, one of the complex mixtures of chemicals of cigarette smoke, seems to increase the collagen production or atrial fibrosis. 6 Goette A. Lendeckel U. Kuchenbecker A. et al. Cigarette smoking induces atrial fibrosis in humans via nicotine. Heart. 2007; 93: 1056-1063 Crossref PubMed Scopus (110) Google Scholar These changes in the atrial structure may theoretically enhance the likelihood of AF. However, establishing causal effects of smoking on the risk of AF from epidemiological studies is challenging because of many confounding issues. A large population-based cohort study is a good way to strengthen the evidence supporting the relationship between smoking and the occurrence of AF. Smoking and incidence of atrial fibrillation: Results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) StudyHeart RhythmVol. 8Issue 8PreviewCigarette smoking increases the risk of coronary heart disease, but whether smoking increases atrial fibrillation (AF) is uncertain. Full-Text PDF" @default.
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• W2167459216 title "Smoking and the risk of the perpetuation of atrial fibrillation: under debate in large cohort studies" @default.
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