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- W2169359097 abstract "This paper surveys the evidence on recent trends in the growth of human capital investments in women that raised womens productivity in thus century in most countries. Patterns in school investments in men and women across regions and across birth cohorts within countries indicate that expected years of school enrollment is converging between low- and high-income countries to where the gaps have closed from about seven years in 1950 to five years in 1985. Women today are receiving nearly as many years of education as men in industrially advanced high-income countries. Latin America South East and East Asia are relatively similar to the high-income countries. At the other extreme in most of the countries of South and West Asia and North and Sub-Saharan Africa women receive about two-fifths to three-fourths the number of years of schooling as men do. In every region however the ratio of female-to-male expected years of enrollment increased from 1950 to 1985. Gender differences in mortality and nutritional status reveal that there has been a dramatic but largely unexplained advance in female longevity relative to male in the 20th century in most countries with the exception of certain countries in South Asia. This development is associated with the shift of populations from dependence on agriculture to working in urban areas. These changes are a major source of decreasing inequality within and between countries in this century. Market failure could be responsible for families investing less than the socially efficient amount in girls than boys. There are problems in measuring without bias these private and social return. Empirical patterns across countries in estimated returns to schooling illustrate that private returns at the primary secondary and higher education levels can vary for women and men." @default.
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- W2169359097 date "1993-01-01" @default.
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- W2169359097 title "Investments in the Schooling and Health of Women and Men: Quantities and Returns" @default.
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- W2169359097 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/146291" @default.
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