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• W2170823942 abstract "A s all cancer patients know, the words from a doctor delivering the diagnosis can be devastating. Each patient quickly learns, however, that the tumor may be only the beginning. In a woman's breast or a man's prostate gland, for instance, the tumor that was detected often can be eradicated with surgery and radiation. Usually more dangerous is the spread-metastasis-of the initial cancer to organs such as bone, brain, or liver. Cancer cells that have traveled to new locations in the body and grown there cause most cancer pain and cancer-related deaths. Metastasis was first described in 1839 by the French gynecologist Joseph Recamier, and soon thereafter, physicians found that certain cancers were most likely to spread to certain organs. Breast and prostate cancer, for example, move to lymph nodes, bones, lung, and then the liver. Skin cancer tends to spread to the lungs, colon cancer targets the liver, and lung cancer typically moves to the adrenal glands and the brain. In 1889, Stephen Paget proposed that cancer cells shed from an initial tumor were dispersed randomly throughout the body by the circulatory system. He called these circulating cancer cells and proposed that only some seeds fall onto fertile soil-organs where they can grow. About 30 years later, a researcher named James Ewing encountered Paget's theory by arguing that cancer cells don't spread randomly throughout the circulation in search of fertile soil. Rather, he suggested that circulating cancer cells become trapped in the first small blood vessels, or capillaries, they encounter and then grow in the surrounding organ. Researchers today are still trying to understand why metastasized cancer cells, which are called metastases, grow where they do. In 1992, Leonard Weiss used autopsy studies of cancer patients and measurements of blood flow to organs to show that, on its own, neither Ewing's theory nor Paget's completely explains the pattern of cancer metastasis. Weiss found that, supporting Ewing's hypothesis, most metastases seem to form in organs where cancer cells stick soon after entering the bloodstream. Favoring Paget's theory, however, some metastasis patterns can't be predicted by blood flow alone. Now, researchers are taking these old ideas, combining them in new ways, and looking for molecular explanations of cancer's spread. Many of the new explanations contain elements of the original proposals, though none mirrors either one exactly. Scientists today don't hold that cancer cells are dispersed randomly throughout the body, so that only growth conditions in different organs determine the distribution of metastases. The cells are guided by a variety of chemical signals, some" @default.
• W2170823942 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W2170823942 date "2001-06-02" @default.
• W2170823942 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W2170823942 title "Understanding Cancer's Spread" @default.
• W2170823942 doi "https://doi.org/10.2307/3981721" @default.
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