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• W2170978832 abstract "Adding P to soil may decrease the proportion of root colonized by vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal fungi (Ross, 1971; Daft and Nicholson, 1972; Mosse, 1973). This is attributed to a change in the P status of the plant rather than a change in the P status of the medium (Sanders, 1975; Menge et al., 1978; Jasper et al., 1979). It has been proposed that the P status of the plant affects mycorrhizal infection through effects of P on concentrations of soluble carbohydrates in roots (Jasper ef al., 1979; Same et al., 1983) or through effects of P on concentrations of soluble carbohydrates or free amino-nitrogen in root exudates (Ratnayake et al., 1978; Graham et al., 1981). These conclusions result from correlations between mycorrhizal infection and the concentrations of possible fungal metabolites either inside the root or in root exudates. It is difficult to determine which of these metabolites restrict the formation of mycorrhizas when P is adequate for plant growth because correcting a P deficiency may lead to decreased concentrations of soluble carbohydrates (Gregory and Baptiste, 1936) as well as aminoand amide-nitrogen (Richards and Templeman, 1936) in plants. In contrast, correcting a S deficiency in lucerne decreased the concentration of amide-nitrogen but increased the concentrations of soluble carbohydrates in the plant (Rendig and McComb. 1959). Hence we examined the effect of S supply on the formation of VA mycorrhizas in an attempt to distinguish between the effects of free amino-nitrogen and soluble carbohydrates on mycorrhiza formation. The experimental design was a complete factorial of (a) three levels of S application (rates deficient, marginal and adequate for the growth of subterranean clover). (b) two mycorrhizal inoculation treatments (+ or Glomus fusciculutum) and there were 3 replicates per treatment. A sandy soil deficient in S for the growth of subterranean clover was collected from Badgingarra, Western Australia (pH in I : 5 soil:O.Ol M CaCl,A.8, organic carbon--0.38%, cation-exchange capacity-2.97 m-equiv 100 g-‘, clay content-1.4% (Jarvis and Robson, 1983)]. The soil was sieved, steamed, dried and subsequently potted into 3 kg plastic-lined pots. Basal nutrients (mg/pot) (KHCO,548, MgCl,. 6H,O-107, MnCl, .4H,G-21.4, Fe sequestrene-21.4, +Cl,--15.0, CuCl,.2H,&10.7, H,BO,-2.6, CoCl,.6H,&1.07, Na,MoO,.2H,O-1.07) P sufficient for -75% of maximum plant growth (114.1 mg of KH,PO,/pot) (to ensure high levels of infection) and S applied as Na,SO, at rates equivalent to 4.3, 17.1 and 51.3mgS/pot were added to each pot. All nutrients were thoroughly mixed through the soil. Samples (100 g) of roots heavily infected with Glomus fasciculurum (Thaxter sensu Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe were placed in a layer approximately 3 cm below the soil surface of half the pots. The rest received 100 g samples of uninfected roots and were used as controls. Ten seeds of subterranean clover (Trifolium subrerruneum cv. Trikkala) were sown to each pot and 1 ml of a dense suspension of Rhkobium trifolii WUl added to each. After emergence these were thinned to 5 per pot. All pots were maintained at 20 k 2°C in root cooling tanks and were harvested 60 days after sowing. At harvest the tops of each pot were removed by cutting the stems at the soil surface. They were washed, blotted dry and weighed. Subsequently the youngest fully-emerged leaves were removed and retained for S analysis (X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy). The remaining tops were retained for P analysis (molybdovanado phosphoric acid method of Boltz and Lueck (1958)). The roots of each pot were also washed, dried and weighed. They were then chopped and mixed and samples were taken for soluble carbohydrate analysis (Montgomery’s (1961) phenolsulphuric acid method with glucose standards) and for free amino-nitrogen analysis (Spies’ (1957) ninhydrin method with leucine standards). These were immediately covered with 80% ethanol and extracted twice for 30min at 90°C. Samples were also taken to assess mycorrhizal infection (Abbott and Robson, 1981). Sulfur concentrations in youngest fully-emerged leaves of plants grown at low S were less than critical levels established for this species (Gilbert and Robson, 1984) (Fig. 1). This was accompanied by a decrease in the fresh weight of tops were S was not applied (Fig. 1). The highest level of S decreased both the percentage of root length that was mycorrhizal and the fresh weight of mycorrhizal roots (Fig. 2); it also decreased the concentrations of soluble carbohydrates in roots (Fig. 2). However, S application did not decrease the concentrations of free amino-nitrogen in roots (Fig. 2). Furthermore, S application did not affect the concentrations of P in tops (~0.15% of dry weight at all levels of S). It is therefore unlikely that S application decreased mycorrhizal infection directly by affecting the supply of free amino-nitrogen to the fungus or indirectly by affecting the concentrations of P in the roots. It is more likely that the concentrations of soluble carbohydrates either within root cells, in intercellular spaces or immediately outside the root are regulating the degree of mycorrhizal infection. Johnson er al. (1982) also concluded that the supply of sugars may be more important in regulating the mycorrhizal symbiosis than the supply of amino acids. The absence of an effect of S application on the free amino-nitrogen concentrations in roots probably reflects the absence of severe S deficiency where S was not applied. Sulfur deficiency in lucerne only led to enhanced concentrations of free amino-nitrogen in the plant where plant growth was severely limited by the supply of S (Rendig and McComb. 1959)." @default.
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• W2170978832 title "Sulfur supply and the formation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas by Glomus fasciculatum on subterranean clover" @default.
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