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• W2171234236 abstract "full-length single copy clone, DOH1, which was subsequently isolated from a Dendrobium cDNA library of VSAM, shared considerable similarity to a class of homeobox genes known as class I knox (knotted-like) genes (Yu et al., 2000). Northern analysis and in situ hybridization revealed that DOH1/ovg2 mRNA accumulated in all meristem-rich tissues and its expression was down-regulated at the beginning of fl oral transition (Yu and Goh, 2000a; Yu et al., 2000). A Dendrobium hybrid transformed with sense constructs of DOH1 gene driven by the caulifl ower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter (Yu et al., 2000) revealed that the overexpression of DOH1 completely suppresses shoot organization and development. Anti-sense plants formed multiple shoot meristems and precociously fl owered. With these results, the authors concluded that DOH1 is involved in controlling the formation and identity of the shoot apical meristem, and thereby involved in maintaining the basic plant architecture. Another fl oral homeotic gene was isolated from red and white Phalaenopsis using Amplifi ed Fragment Length Polymorphism (Liu and Chen, 1999). A fragment that was differentially amplifi ed, AM1-3, has shown 87% similarity to the fl oral homeotic gene AGL5 from Arabidopsis thaliana and 90% similarity to the AG gene of Brassica napus at the deduced amino acid sequence. AGL5 is known to act downstream of AG in programming normal carpel and ovule development. MADS box genes. MADS-box genes comprise another important family of transcription factors that regulate the transition of meristem identity. They are characterized by the presence of a highly conserved DNA binding domain (MADS-box) and a second conserved domain (K-box) involved in protein-protein interactions. The fi rst fl ower-specifi c MADS-box gene from an orchid was isolated from the mature fl ower cDNA library of an orchid hybrid Aranda Deborah using an agamous cDNA from Arabidopsis as the probe (Lu et al., 1993). A single clone, om1 was isolated, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 750 base pairs (bp) encoding a polypeptide of 250 amino acids. Expression of om1 was limited to the petals and sepals of mature fl owers but was not found in the column, early infl orescence, or fl oral buds, suggesting that om1 might be playing an important role in petal development. Another orchid MADS-box gene, otg7, expressed only in the TSAM was identifi ed from Dendrobium (Yu and Goh, 2000a). Clone otg7 was used later to isolate three new MADS box genes, DOMADS1, DOMADS2, and DOMADS3, all of which were expressed exclusively in fl oral tissues (Yu and Goh, 2000b). DOMADS1 was expressed early in the developing infl orescence and in all fl oral organ primordia. Its high expression in pollinaria suggested it could be an early regulator of pollen mother cell development. DOMADS 2 was expressed early in the VSAM and increased in expression during the transition of the shoot apical meristem from the vegetative to reproductive phase, which might indicate a role in vegetative to reproductive phase change. The expression pattern of DOMADS3, as revealed by in situ hybridization, suggested that it might function as a regulatory factor in the formation of the TSAM and in the development of pedicel tissue. Another transcription factor, ovg27, a homologue of a Drosophila shuttle-craft gene, was isolated from the VSAM of Dendrobium and appears to be important in maintaining the vegetative state of shoot apical meristem in plants (Yu and Goh, 2000a). Also, a cDNA clone, otg16, expressed only in the TSAM has shown signifi cant similarity to an Arabidopsis casein kinase gene involved in protein phosphorylation and signal transduction (Yu and Goh 2000a). The complete signal transduction pathway in fl oral induction of orchids is yet to be discovered. Flower color (fl avonoid biosynthesis). The biosynthesis of anthocyanins is well characterized in many ornamental plants. The synthesis of fl avonoids, including anthocyanins, occurs through the phenylpropanoid pathway, which starts with the stepwise condensation of three acetate units from malonyl-coA with 4-coumaroyl CoA to yield tetrahydroxychalcone (Heller and Forkmann, 1988). This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme chalcone synthase (CHS), which is attractive to researchers for fl ower color manipulation. The magnifi cent spectrum of colors found in orchids is mainly due to the accumulation of anthocyanins in their fl owers (Arditti and Fisch, 1977). Although carotenoids and chlorophylls contribute to fl ower color in many orchids, there are no detailed reports of cloned orchid genes associated with the biosynthesis of these compounds except for a brief mention of an amplifi ed restriction fragment of Phalaenopsis, AM4-1, which showed similarity to the geranyl-geranyl pyrophosphate synthase gene (Liu and Chen, 1999). Genes for other important enzymes cloned in orchids are fl avanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H) and dihydrofl avonol 4-reductase (DFR). Chalcone synthase genes. The earliest report of the isolation of fl ower color genes in orchids appeared as an abstract only by Yong and Chua (1990), in which four cDNA clones encoding CHS were isolated from a cDNA library of a Dendrobium hybrid. These DNA sequences are absent in all the searchable Received for publication 31 July 2001. Accepted for publication 31 Jan. 2003. This paper is based on the invited presentation at the 98th American Society of Horticultural Science Annual Conference, Orchid Symposium, Sacramento, Calif. To whom reprint requests should be addressed. E-mail address: heidi@hawaii.edu. The Orchidaceae is one of the largest families of fl owering plants, with several genera being used in cut fl ower and potted plant production. The molecular biology of orchids, last reviewed in Kuehnle (1997), covered research in phylogeny and systematics, fl oral physiology, and plant breeding. Only 10 orchid genes were cloned at that time. Since then, the total number of genes cloned from orchids has expanded considerably. The objective of this paper is to: 1) provide an overview of the function of some recently cloned genes; and 2) review advances made in other applications of biotechnology in orchid production and improvement." @default.
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• W2171234236 title "Orchid Biotechnology in Production and Improvement" @default.
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