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• W2171891895 endingPage "417" @default.
• W2171891895 startingPage "405" @default.
• W2171891895 abstract "•Astrocytes are organized in extensive and plastic gap-junction mediated networks. •We evaluate their role in synaptic activity, neuronal circuit dynamics and behavior. •We discuss current and future tools needed to assign functions to astroglial networks. •We propose a role for astroglial networks in cognitive processes in health and disease. Astrocytes contribute to neurotransmission through a variety of mechanisms ranging from synapse isolation to active signaling. Astroglial involvement in neurophysiology has been mostly investigated at the single-cell level. However, a unique feature of astrocytes is their high level of intercellular connectivity mediated by connexins, the proteins forming gap junction (GJ) channels. These astroglial GJ circuits enable the rapid intercellular exchange of ions, metabolites, and neuroactive substances. Recent findings have suggested that, despite their extensity, astroglial networks are also selective, preferential as well as plastic, and can regulate synapses, neuronal circuits, and behavior. The present review critically discusses the impact of astroglial networks on normal and pathological neuronal information processing as well as the underlying mechanisms. Astrocytes contribute to neurotransmission through a variety of mechanisms ranging from synapse isolation to active signaling. Astroglial involvement in neurophysiology has been mostly investigated at the single-cell level. However, a unique feature of astrocytes is their high level of intercellular connectivity mediated by connexins, the proteins forming gap junction (GJ) channels. These astroglial GJ circuits enable the rapid intercellular exchange of ions, metabolites, and neuroactive substances. Recent findings have suggested that, despite their extensity, astroglial networks are also selective, preferential as well as plastic, and can regulate synapses, neuronal circuits, and behavior. The present review critically discusses the impact of astroglial networks on normal and pathological neuronal information processing as well as the underlying mechanisms. GJ channel protein subunit, with four transmembrane domains, two extracellular loops, one cytoplasmic loop and intracellular N- and C-terminal regions. aqueous channel between the cytoplasm of two neighboring cells formed by the docking of two hemichannels or connexons, each composed of six connexins. GJ channels are poorly selective and mediate direct electrical and metabolic coupling between adjacent cells by allowing cytoplasmic exchange of a wide variety of small molecules with a molecular mass of up to 1.5 kDa. These include ions (K+, Ca2+, Na+), second messengers (cAMP, IP3), neurotransmitters (glutamate), and energy metabolites (glucose, lactate). axonal projections from hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells forming excitatory synapses onto CA1 pyramidal cell dendrites. release of neuroactive substances such as glutamate, ATP, D-serine, or lactate from astrocytes to modulate neuronal activity. mechanisms by which the supply of energy substrates to neurons depends on neuronal activity. Astrocytes are thought to play a crucial role in this coupling. revised concept of the synapse defined as a functional unit formed by the pre- and postsynaptic elements as well as the surrounding astrocyte. The astrocyte integrates the moment-to-moment synaptic activity via its ion channels, neurotransmitter receptors and transporters, and provides feedback modulation of neurotransmission through uptake or release of neuroactive substances." @default.
• W2171891895 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W2171891895 creator A5033299269 @default.
• W2171891895 creator A5061966529 @default.
• W2171891895 date "2013-07-01" @default.
• W2171891895 modified "2023-09-30" @default.
• W2171891895 title "Emerging role for astroglial networks in information processing: from synapse to behavior" @default.
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